Cytoplasmic DNA is an important trigger for the innate immune system. The downstream signalling pathways involved in this process have been extensively characterized, but much less is known about the initial step, the recognition of the DNA. Two groups reporting in this issue of Nature have now identified AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2), a member of the interferon-inducible HIN-200 family, as a cytoplasmic DNA sensor. In the presence of DNA, AIM2 oligermerizes and associates with the adapter molecule ASC to activate NF-κB and caspase-1, key components of the inflammasome complex. This highlights the AIM2 inflammasome as a possible target for the treatment of both infections and autoimmune diseases. In this paper AIM2 is shown to sense cytoplasmic DNA and to interact with ASC in activation of caspase-1. Host- and pathogen-associated cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA triggers the activation of a NALP3 (also known as cryopyrin and NLRP3)-independent inflammasome1, which activates caspase-1 leading to maturation of pro-interleukin-1β and inflammation. The nature of the cytoplasmic-DNA-sensing inflammasome is currently unknown. Here we show that AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2), an interferon-inducible HIN-200 family member that contains an amino-terminal pyrin domain and a carboxy-terminal oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding domain2,3, senses cytoplasmic DNA by means of its oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding domain and interacts with ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD) through its pyrin domain to activate caspase-1. The interaction of AIM2 with ASC also leads to the formation of the ASC pyroptosome4, which induces pyroptotic cell death in cells containing caspase-1. Knockdown of AIM2 by short interfering RNA reduced inflammasome/pyroptosome activation by cytoplasmic DNA in human and mouse macrophages, whereas stable expression of AIM2 in the non-responsive human embryonic kidney 293T cell line conferred responsiveness to cytoplasmic DNA. Our results show that cytoplasmic DNA triggers formation of the AIM2 inflammasome by inducing AIM2 oligomerization. This study identifies AIM2 as an important inflammasome component that senses potentially dangerous cytoplasmic DNA, leading to activation of the ASC pyroptosome and caspase-1.