The Snf1/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family is important for metabolic regulation and is highly conserved from yeast to mammals. The upstream kinases are also functionally conserved, and the AMPK kinases LKB1 and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase activate Snf1 in mutant yeast cells lacking the native Snf1-activating kinases, Sak1, Tos3, and Elm1. Here, we exploited the yeast genetic system to identify members of the mammalian AMPK kinase family by their function as Snf1-activating kinases. A mouse embryo cDNA library in a yeast expression vector was used to transform sak1Δ tos3Δ elm1Δ yeast cells. Selection for a Snf+ growth phenotype yielded cDNA plasmids expressing LKB1, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase, and transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase (TAK1), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase family. We present genetic and biochemical evidence that TAK1 activates Snf1 protein kinase in vivo and in vitro. We further show that recombinant TAK1, fused to the activation domain of its binding partner TAB1, phosphorylates Thr-172 in the activation loop of the AMPK catalytic domain. Finally, expression of TAK1 and TAB1 in HeLa cells or treatment of cells with cytokines stimulated phosphorylation of Thr-172 of AMPK. These findings indicate that TAK1 is a functional member of the Snf1/AMPK kinase family and support TAK1 as a candidate for an authentic AMPK kinase in mammalian cells. The Snf1/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family is important for metabolic regulation and is highly conserved from yeast to mammals. The upstream kinases are also functionally conserved, and the AMPK kinases LKB1 and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase activate Snf1 in mutant yeast cells lacking the native Snf1-activating kinases, Sak1, Tos3, and Elm1. Here, we exploited the yeast genetic system to identify members of the mammalian AMPK kinase family by their function as Snf1-activating kinases. A mouse embryo cDNA library in a yeast expression vector was used to transform sak1Δ tos3Δ elm1Δ yeast cells. Selection for a Snf+ growth phenotype yielded cDNA plasmids expressing LKB1, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase, and transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase (TAK1), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase family. We present genetic and biochemical evidence that TAK1 activates Snf1 protein kinase in vivo and in vitro. We further show that recombinant TAK1, fused to the activation domain of its binding partner TAB1, phosphorylates Thr-172 in the activation loop of the AMPK catalytic domain. Finally, expression of TAK1 and TAB1 in HeLa cells or treatment of cells with cytokines stimulated phosphorylation of Thr-172 of AMPK. These findings indicate that TAK1 is a functional member of the Snf1/AMPK kinase family and support TAK1 as a candidate for an authentic AMPK kinase in mammalian cells. The Snf1/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) 2The abbreviations used are: AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; CaMKK, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAPKKK, MAPK kinase kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; IKK, IκB kinase; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1, interleukin-1; GAD, Gal4 activation domain; HA, hemagglutinin; GST, glutathione-S-transferase; GFP, green fluorescent protein; SC, synthetic complete medium; WT, wild type; KD, kinase domain. family has major roles in regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, maintenance of cellular energy homeostasis, and cellular stress responses (reviewed in Refs. 1Kemp B.E. Stapleton D. Campbell D.J. Chen Z.P. Murthy S. Walter M. Gupta A. Adams J.J. Katsis F. Van Denderen B. Jennings I.G. Iseli T. Michell B.J. Witters L.A. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2003; 31: 162-168Crossref PubMed Google Scholar and 2Kahn B.B. Alquier T. Carling D. Hardie D.G. Cell Metab. 2005; 1: 15-25Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2372) Google Scholar). In mammalian cells, reduced energy availability (high cellular AMP:ATP ratio) causes activation of AMPK, which promotes glucose transport and ATP-generating metabolic processes, inhibits ATP-consuming processes, and regulates transcription. AMPK is also regulated by leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin (3Minokoshi Y. Kim Y.B. Peroni O.D. Fryer L.G. Muller C. Carling D. Kahn B.B. Nature. 2002; 415: 339-343Crossref PubMed Scopus (1709) Google Scholar, 4Yamauchi T. Kamon J. Minokoshi Y. Ito Y. Waki H. Uchida S. Yamashita S. Noda M. Kita S. Ueki K. Eto K. Akanuma Y. Froguel P. Foufelle F. Ferre P. Carling D. Kimura S. Nagai R. Kahn B.B. Kadowaki T. Nat. Med. 2002; 8: 1288-1295Crossref PubMed Scopus (3537) Google Scholar, 5Andersson U. Filipsson K. Abbott C.R. Woods A. Smith K. Bloom S.R. Carling D. Small C.J. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 12005-12008Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (649) Google Scholar) and has a role in controlling appetite and food intake (5Andersson U. Filipsson K. Abbott C.R. Woods A. Smith K. Bloom S.R. Carling D. Small C.J. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 12005-12008Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (649) Google Scholar, 6Minokoshi Y. Alquier T. Furukawa N. Kim Y.B. Lee A. Xue B. Mu J. Foufelle F. Ferre P. Birnbaum M.J. Stuck B.J. Kahn B.B. Nature. 2004; 428: 569-574Crossref PubMed Scopus (1361) Google Scholar). In humans, AMPK is an important therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes (2Kahn B.B. Alquier T. Carling D. Hardie D.G. Cell Metab. 2005; 1: 15-25Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2372) Google Scholar, 7Fryer L.G. Parbu-Patel A. Carling D. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 25226-25232Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (917) Google Scholar). In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Snf1 protein kinase (8Celenza J.L. Carlson M. Science. 1986; 233: 1175-1180Crossref PubMed Scopus (539) Google Scholar) is the ortholog of AMPK (9Woods A. Munday M.R. Scott J. Yang X. Carlson M. Carling D. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 19509-19516Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 10Mitchelhill K.I. Stapleton D. Gao G. House C. Michell B. Katsis F. Witters L.A. Kemp B.E. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 2361-2364Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Snf1 protein kinase, like AMPK, is heterotrimeric, comprising a catalytic subunit (Snf1/α), and two regulatory subunits (β and Snf4/γ). Mutation of SNF1 causes the Snf– (sucrose-nonfermenting) phenotype, which is characterized by inability to utilize carbon sources that are less preferred than glucose. Like AMPK, Snf1 protein kinase regulates transcription, metabolic enzymes, and transporters in response to stress, particularly carbon stress (reviewed in Refs. 11Carlson M. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 1999; 2: 202-207Crossref PubMed Scopus (466) Google Scholar and 12Hardie D.G. Carling D. Carlson M. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1998; 67: 821-855Crossref PubMed Scopus (1288) Google Scholar). The Snf1/AMPK-activating kinases in the kinase cascade are also highly conserved between yeast and mammals (Fig. 1). Yeast contains three homologous kinases that phosphorylate the activation loop Thr-210 of the Snf1 catalytic subunit: Sak1 (Snf1-activating kinase, previously Pak1), Tos3, and Elm1 (13Hong S.-P. Leiper F.C. Woods A. Carling D. Carlson M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003; 100: 8839-8843Crossref PubMed Scopus (487) Google Scholar, 14Nath N. McCartney R.R. Schmidt M.C. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2003; 23: 3909-3917Crossref PubMed Scopus (126) Google Scholar, 15Sutherland C.M. Hawley S.A. McCartney R.R. Leech A. Stark M.J. Schmidt M.C. Hardie D.G. Curr. Biol. 2003; 13: 1299-1305Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (225) Google Scholar). Mutant yeast cells lacking these three kinases (sak1Δ tos3Δ elm1Δ cells) cannot activate Snf1 and exhibit a Snf– phenotype (13Hong S.-P. Leiper F.C. Woods A. Carling D. Carlson M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003; 100: 8839-8843Crossref PubMed Scopus (487) Google Scholar, 15Sutherland C.M. Hawley S.A. McCartney R.R. Leech A. Stark M.J. Schmidt M.C. Hardie D.G. Curr. Biol. 2003; 13: 1299-1305Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (225) Google Scholar). Their mammalian sequence homologs, LKB1 and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK), phosphorylate Thr-172 in the activation loop of the AMPK catalytic subunit and activate AMPK in vitro and in vivo (13Hong S.-P. Leiper F.C. Woods A. Carling D. Carlson M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003; 100: 8839-8843Crossref PubMed Scopus (487) Google Scholar, 16Hong S.P. Momcilovic M. Carlson M. J. Biol. Chem. 2005; 280: 21804-21809Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar, 17Woods A. 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Biol. Chem. 2005; 280: 29060-29066Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (834) Google Scholar). The yeast and mammalian kinases exhibit striking functional interchangeability. Tos3 and Elm1 phosphorylate and activate AMPK in vitro (13Hong S.-P. Leiper F.C. Woods A. Carling D. Carlson M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003; 100: 8839-8843Crossref PubMed Scopus (487) Google Scholar, 15Sutherland C.M. Hawley S.A. McCartney R.R. Leech A. Stark M.J. Schmidt M.C. Hardie D.G. Curr. Biol. 2003; 13: 1299-1305Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (225) Google Scholar). LKB1, in complex with its partners STRADα and MO25α, and CaMKK phosphorylate Snf1 in vitro and activate Snf1 in sak1Δ tos3Δ elm1Δ mutant yeast, conferring a Snf+ growth phenotype (16Hong S.P. Momcilovic M. Carlson M. J. Biol. Chem. 2005; 280: 21804-21809Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar, 20Woods A. Dickerson K. Heath R. Hong S.P. Momcilovic M. Johnstone S.R. Carlson M. Carling D. Cell Metab. 2005; 2: 21-33Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1118) Google Scholar). Here, we took advantage of this conservation of the Snf1/AMPK pathway and exploited the yeast genetic system in an effort to identify new members of the AMPK kinase family. Given that yeast, a simple unicellular organism, has three Snf1 protein kinase kinases, it seems likely that mammals have multiple AMPK kinases. The heterologous function of LKB1 and CaMKK in yeast provides the basis for a convenient and powerful genetic selection for mammalian AMPK kinases: the restoration of the Snf+ growth phenotype in sak1Δ tos3Δ elm1Δ mutant yeast. The power of this selection lies not only in its simplicity but also in its sensitivity. The Snf1 pathway is robust, and very little activity is required for growth; for example, expression of LKB1 alone restores growth despite causing only a modest elevation of Snf1 catalytic activity (16Hong S.P. Momcilovic M. Carlson M. J. Biol. 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Yeast Strains—S. cerevisiae strains were W303-1A (MATa ura3 trp1 ade2 his3 can1 leu2), MCY4908 (W303-1A snf1Δ10), MCY5138 (MATα sak1Δ::kanMX4 tos3Δ::kanMX4 elm1Δ::ADE2 ura3 trp1 ade2 his3 can1 leu2), MCY5115 (MATα sak1Δ::kanMX4 ura3 trp1 ade2 his3 can1 leu2), and MCY5125 (W303-1A elm1Δ::kanMX4). Synthetic complete (SC) medium lacking appropriate supplements was used to select for plasmids. Selection for Mammalian Snf1-activating Kinases in Yeast—DNA of a two-hybrid library prepared from mouse 17-day embryo cDNAs in a yeast expression plasmid vector carrying the LEU2 marker (Clontech catalog number 638846) was used to transform (36Gietz R.D. Woods R.A. Methods Enzymol. 2002; 350: 87-96Crossref PubMed Scopus (2148) Google Scholar) yeast strain MCY5138 (see Fig. 2). A total of 5 × 106 transformants were selected on 500 plates of SC solid medium containing 2% glucose and lacking leucine. Colonies from each plate were resuspended in SC medium and transferred to a fresh plate of SC-leucine solid medium containing 2% raffinose plus the respiratory inhibitor antimycin A (1 μg/ml). Growth on this medium requires activation of Snf1 protein kinase; in control experiments, colonies expressing LKB1 appeared in 3–7 days. After 5–7 days, two colonies from each plate were picked and retested for growth. Plasmid DNAs were rescued by passage through bacteria, retested by transformation of MCY5138, and sequenced. One plasmid was saved from each plate. Plasmids—pK98, expressing GAD-TAK1, was recovered above. pRH104 (37Hedbacker K. Hong S.P. Carlson M. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004; 24: 8255-8263Crossref PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar), pRH105 (16Hong S.P. Momcilovic M. Carlson M. J. Biol. Chem. 2005; 280: 21804-21809Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar), and pRH123 (16Hong S.P. Momcilovic M. Carlson M. J. Biol. Chem. 2005; 280: 21804-21809Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar) express HA-Sak1, HA-Tos3, and HA-CaMKKα, respectively, from vector pWS93 (38Song W. Carlson M. EMBO J. 1998; 17: 5757-5765Crossref PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar). GAD-Snf1 was expressed from pSG1 (39Jiang R. Carlson M. Genes Dev. 1996; 10: 3105-3115Crossref PubMed Scopus (243) Google Scholar). pMM25 and pMM29 express HA-TAK1 and LexA-TAB1, respectively, from mouse cDNAs (Open Biosystems) cloned into pWS93 (38Song W. Carlson M. EMBO J. 1998; 17: 5757-5765Crossref PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar) and pBTM116 (40Fields S. Song O. Nature. 1989; 340: 245-246Crossref PubMed Scopus (4939) Google Scholar). pMM26, expressing TAK1K63W with Lys-63 altered to Trp, was constructed from pMM25 by using the QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene); three independent mutant plasmids behaved similarly. cDNAs encoding residues 1–318 of the wild-type (WT) and mutant kinase domain of AMPK, AMPK-KD-WT, and AMPK-KD-T172A (gifts of L. Witters; see Ref. 41Crute B.E. Seefeld K. Gamble J. Kemp B.E. Witters L.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 35347-35354Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (308) Google Scholar), were transferred to vector pET32a (Novagen) to yield pMM45 and pMM57, respectively, expressing His-tagged proteins. pMM33, pMM35, and pMM37 express TAK1, TAK1K63W, and TAB1, respectively, from vector pCMV-FLAG2 (Invitrogen); TAK1 proteins were not recognized by anti-FLAG, although sequence analysis confirmed the FLAG tag. Snf1T210A and Gal83, tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP), were expressed from their native promoters on pKH43 (37Hedbacker K. Hong S.P. Carlson M. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004; 24: 8255-8263Crossref PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar) and pRT13 (42Hedbacker K. Townley R. Carlson M. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004; 24: 1836-1843Crossref PubMed Scopus (77) Google Scholar). Analysis of Proteins—Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE in 8% polyacrylamide. Immunoblot analysis was carried out with anti-Snf1 (8Celenza J.L. Carlson M. Science. 1986; 233: 1175-1180Crossref PubMed Scopus (539) Google Scholar), monoclonal anti-HA (12CA5), anti-LexA (Invitrogen), anti-FLAG (Sigma), anti-TAK1 (Upstate), anti-phospho-Thr-172-AMPK and anti-AMPKα (Cell Signaling Technologies), and anti-His6-peroxidase (Roche Diagnostics). Antibodies were detected with chemiluminescence using ECL Plus or ECL Advance (Amersham Biosciences). Blots were incubated in 0.2 m glycine, pH 2, for 5 min and washed before reprobing. Assay of Snf1 Activity by Phosphorylation of SAMS Peptide—Yeast cells were grown to mid-log phase in SC medium containing 2% glucose, collected by filtration, incubated in SC with 0.05% glucose for 15 min, and collected by filtration. Extracts were prepared from two independent cultures, Snf1 was partially purified, and phosphorylation of the synthetic peptide HMRSAMSGLHLVKRR (SAMS peptide; Ref. 43Davies S.P. Carling D. Hardie D.G. Eur. J. Biochem. 1989; 186: 123-128Crossref PubMed Scopus (380) Google Scholar) was assayed as described (9Woods A. Munday M.R. Scott J. Yang X. Carlson M. Carling D. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 19509-19516Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 37Hedbacker K. Hong S.P. Carlson M. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004; 24: 8255-8263Crossref PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar). Each preparation was assayed twice, with dilutions to confirm linearity. Kinase activity is expressed as nanomoles of phosphate incorporated into the peptide per minute per milligram of protein (43Davies S.P. Carling D. Hardie D.G. Eur. J. Biochem. 1989; 186: 123-128Crossref PubMed Scopus (380) Google Scholar). Assay of Phosphorylation of Recombinant Snf1 and AMPK Catalytic Domains—Glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusions to the mutant Snf1 catalytic domains Snf1KD-K84R and Snf1KD-T210A were expressed in bacteria and purified as described (16Hong S.P. Momcilovic M. Carlson M. J. Biol. Chem. 2005; 280: 21804-21809Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar). His-tagged AMPK-KD-WT and AMPK-KD-T172A catalytic domains were expressed in bacteria and purified using AKTA fast protein liquid chromatography on chelating HiTrap resin (Amersham Biosciences). Bound proteins were eluted with a linear gradient as described by the manufacturer. Cultures of MCY5138 expressing HA-TAK1 and/or LexA-TAB1 were grown in SC with 2% glucose, collected by filtration, incubated in 0.05% glucose for 30 min, and collected by filtration. HA-tagged proteins were immunoprecipitated from extracts (200 μg) with anti-HA antibody as described (13Hong S.-P. Leiper F.C. Woods A. Carling D. Carlson M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003; 100: 8839-8843Crossref PubMed Scopus (487) Google Scholar). Kinases were assayed for phosphorylation of GST-Snf1KD (3 μg) or AMPK-KD (0.5 μg) substrates using [γ-32P]ATP as described (16Hong S.P. Momcilovic M. Carlson M. J. Biol. Chem. 2005; 280: 21804-21809Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar). His-tagged recombinant human TAK1-TAB1 fusion protein (100 ng; Upstate catalog number 14-600) was incubated with substrates and cold ATP. Analysis of Phosphorylation of AMPK in HeLa Cells—HeLa cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 2 mm l-glutamine. Cells were transfected with DNAs (8 μg/6-cm dish) using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. TNF-α and IL-1β were purchased from R&D Systems. Cells were lysed by the addition of ice-cold lysis buffer as described (20Woods A. Dickerson K. Heath R. Hong S.P. Momcilovic M. Johnstone S.R. Carlson M. Carling D. Cell Metab. 2005; 2: 21-33Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1118) Google Scholar), except without prior rinsing. Lysates were collected immediately and clarified by brief centrifugation in the cold. Genetic Selection for Mammalian Snf1-activating Kinases in Yeast—The sak1Δ tos3Δ elm1Δ mutant yeast strain lacks all three native Snf1 protein kinase kinases and therefore exhibits the Snf– (sucrose-nonfermenting) phenotype, which is characterized by the ability to utilize glucose but not alternative carbon sources. To identify mammalian Snf1-activating kinases, and thus candidates for AMPK kinases, we selected mammalian cDNAs that allow sak1Δ tos3Δ elm1Δ cells to grow on raffinose, as shown schematically in Fig. 2. We used a library of mouse 17-day embryo cDNAs fused to the Gal4 activation domain (GAD) in a yeast expression vector to transform sak1Δ tos3Δ elm1Δ yeast cells and then selected for growth on raffinose. We recovered the cDNA plasmid from Snf+ colonies by passage through Escherichia coli, retransformed sak1Δ tos3Δ elm1Δ yeast cells to confirm that the cDNA conferred a Snf+ phenotype, and identified the cDNA by sequencing. In a screen of 5 × 106 transformants, we recovered 49 cDNA clones expressing LKB1, five expressing CaMKKβ, and six expressing TAK1, also known as MAPKKK7 (23Yamaguchi K. Shirakabe K. Shibuya H. Irie K. Oishi I. Ueno N. Taniguchi T. Nishida E. Matsumoto K. Science. 1995; 270: 2008-2011Crossref PubMed Scopus (1187) Google Scholar). This selection also yielded seven cDNAs expressing transcription factors, which were not characterized further, but none expressing CaMKKα, which we previously showed to function in yeast (Ref. 16Hong S.P. Momcilovic M. Carlson M. J. Biol. Chem. 2005; 280: 21804-21809Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar; see Fig. 3B). The recovery of LKB1 and CaMKKβ, which are both known AMPK kinases, validates this approach. TAK1 is thus a candidate for a Snf1-activating kinase and potentially an AMPK kinase. Growth Phenotype Conferred by TAK1 Requires Snf1 Protein Kinase—We first sought to confirm that the ability of TAK1 to confer growth on raffinose requires Snf1 protein kinase. A cDNA plasmid expressing GAD-TAK1 was used to transform snf1Δ mutant cells. The transformants did not grow on raffinose (Fig. 3A), indicating that TAK1 requires Snf1 protein kinase to confer a Snf+ phenotype and does not function by bypassing Snf1. In control experiments, expression of Snf1 in the mutant cells restored growth, as expected. The cDNA clones recovered from the library expressed TAK1 with GAD fused to its N terminus. To exclude the possibility that this fusion protein had aberrant function, we expressed full-length TAK1, tagged with a triple-HA epitope at its N terminus, from the yeast ADH1 promoter of vector pWS93. Expression of this HA-tagged TAK1 allowed sak1Δ tos3Δ elm1Δ cells to grow on raffinose (Fig. 3B) and on glycerol plus ethanol (Fig. 3C); HA-TAK1 was used in all subsequent experiments. TAB1, a TAK1-binding protein identified in the two-hybrid system, increases the catalytic activity of TAK1 (33Shibuya H. Yamaguchi K. Shirakabe K. Tonegawa A. Gotoh Y. Ueno N. Irie K. Nishida E. Matsumoto K. Science. 1996; 272: 1179-1182Crossref PubMed Scopus (529) Google Scholar); however, TAK1 acts independently of TAB1 in some signaling pathways in mammalian cells (44Shim J.H. Xiao C. Paschal A.E. Bailey S.T. Rao P. Hayden M.S. Lee K.Y. Bussey C. Steckel M. Tanaka N. Yamada G. Akira S. Matsumoto K. Ghosh S. Genes Dev. 2005; 19: 2668-2681Crossref PubMed Scopus (603) Google Scholar). Coexpression of LexA-TAB1 from the ADH1 promoter did not improve growth of sak1Δ tos3Δ elm1Δ cells on raffinose (Fig. 3B), although some improvement was noted on glycerol-ethanol (Fig. 3C); expression was confirmed by immunoblot analysis (data not shown and Fig. 4C). In addition, TAK1, with or without TAB1, did not allow raffinose utilization by snf1Δ cells expressing mutant Snf1T210A with the activation loop Thr-210 replaced by Ala, as predicted if TAK1 functions by phosphorylating Thr-210 (data not shown). TAK1 Activates Snf1 Protein Kinase in Vivo—To determine whether TAK1 activates Snf1 protein kinase in vivo, we assayed Snf1 catalytic activity in sak1Δ tos3Δ elm1Δ mutant cells expressing HA-TAK1. Cells were grown to mid-log phase in glucose and then shifted to medium containing 0.05% glucose for 30 min, a condition that results in activation of Snf1 in wild-type cells. Cell extracts were prepared, and phosphorylation of a synthetic peptide substrate, the SAMS peptide, by partially purified Snf1 protein kinase was determined. The presence of HA-TAK1 in the mutant cells resulted in the activation of Snf1 to levels similar to those caused by CaMKKα (Fig. 4A), which is roughly 2-fold reduced relative to wild type (16Hong S.P. Momcilovic M. Carlson M. J. Biol. Chem. 2005; 280: 21804-21809Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar). Coexpression of LexA-TAB1 with HA-TAK1 did not substantially increase activation of Snf1 (Fig. 4A), consistent with the growth phenotypes (Fig. 3). Amounts of Snf1 protein were similar in all assays, and coexpression of TAB1 did not result in elevated levels of TAK1, although TAK1 appeared to stabilize TAB1, as judged by immunoblot analysis (Fig. 4C). Together with growth assays, these data suggest that in yeast cells, TAK1 functions as a Snf1-activating kinase and does so largely independently of TAB1. We cannot exclude the possibility that a native yeast protein functionally substitutes for TAB1, but no yeast sequence homolog is evident. TAK1 Catalytic Activity Is Required for Activation of Snf1 Protein Kinase—To determine whether the effects of TAK1 in yeast cells were due to the catalytic activity of TAK1, we introduced a mutation altering Lys-63 to Trp, which was previously shown to abolish catalytic activity of TAK1 (23Yamaguchi K. Shirakabe K. Shibuya H. Irie K. Oishi I. Ueno N. Taniguchi T. Nishida E. Matsumoto K. Science. 1995; 270: 2008-2011Crossref PubMed Scopus (1187) Google Scholar). The kinase-dead mutant p