Circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are elevated in patients with early chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are postulated to cause low blood levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, as well as normal phosphate levels. In order to provide more direct evidence for the pathophysiological role of FGF23 in the settings of mineral ion homeostasis typically seen in early CKD, we studied rats with progressive CKD treated with anti-FGF23 neutralizing antibody. Without antibody treatment, rats with CKD exhibited high circulating levels of FGF23 and parathyroid hormone, low 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and normal serum phosphate levels, accompanied by increased fractional excretion of phosphate. Antibody treatment, however, lessened fractional excretion of phosphate, thus increasing serum phosphate levels, and normalized serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by increased 1α-OHase and decreased 24-OHase expressions in the kidney. These antibody-induced changes were followed by increased serum calcium levels, leading to decreased serum parathyroid hormone. Hence, our study shows that FGF23 normalizes serum phosphate and decreases 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in early-stage CKD, and suggests a pathological sequence of events for the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism triggered by increased FGF23, followed by a reduction of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and calcium levels, thereby increasing parathyroid hormone secretion. Circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are elevated in patients with early chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are postulated to cause low blood levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, as well as normal phosphate levels. In order to provide more direct evidence for the pathophysiological role of FGF23 in the settings of mineral ion homeostasis typically seen in early CKD, we studied rats with progressive CKD treated with anti-FGF23 neutralizing antibody. Without antibody treatment, rats with CKD exhibited high circulating levels of FGF23 and parathyroid hormone, low 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and normal serum phosphate levels, accompanied by increased fractional excretion of phosphate. Antibody treatment, however, lessened fractional excretion of phosphate, thus increasing serum phosphate levels, and normalized serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by increased 1α-OHase and decreased 24-OHase expressions in the kidney. These antibody-induced changes were followed by increased serum calcium levels, leading to decreased serum parathyroid hormone. Hence, our study shows that FGF23 normalizes serum phosphate and decreases 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in early-stage CKD, and suggests a pathological sequence of events for the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism triggered by increased FGF23, followed by a reduction of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and calcium levels, thereby increasing parathyroid hormone secretion. Abnormal regulation of mineral ion homeostasis is one of the major problems in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A decrease in the number of functional nephrons has long been thought to lead to impaired urinary phosphate excretion and hyperphosphatemia, and to reduced activity of the renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase (1α-OHase) and consequently low 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) levels. Both changes were thought to result in hypocalcemia, thereby causing an increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and thus secondary hyperparathyroidism.1.Llach F. Secondary hyperparathyroidism in renal failure: the trade-off hypothesis revisited.Am J Kidney Dis. 1995; 25: 663-679Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar,2.Brown A.J. Dusso A. Slatopolsky E. Vitamin D.Am J Physiol. 1999; 277: F157-F175PubMed Google Scholar This interpretation, however, may need to be revised to include fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) actions. FGF23 is a physiologically important hormone that decreases serum levels of both phosphate and 1,25(OH)2D.3.Quarles L.D. Endocrine functions of bone in mineral metabolism regulation.J Clin Invest. 2008; 118: 3820-3828Crossref PubMed Scopus (334) Google Scholar,4.Fukumoto S. Martin T.J. Bone as an endocrine organ.Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 20: 230-236Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (205) Google Scholar Abnormally increased circulating FGF23 are known to cause hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia accompanied by inappropriately low levels of circulating 1,25(OH)2D, such as X-linked hypophosphatemia, autosomal dominant and recessive hypophosphatemia, and tumor-induced osteomalacia.5.Yamazaki Y. Okazaki R. Shibata M. et al.Increased circulatory level of biologically active full-length FGF-23 in patients with hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 87: 4957-4960Crossref PubMed Scopus (534) Google Scholar, 6.Jonsson K.B. Zahradnik R. Larsson T. et al.Fibroblast growth factor 23 in oncogenic osteomalacia and X-linked hypophosphatemia.N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 1656-1663Crossref PubMed Scopus (708) Google Scholar, 7.Consortium T.A. Autosomal dominant hypophosphataemic rickets is associated with mutations in FGF23.Nat Genet. 2000; 26: 345-348Crossref PubMed Scopus (1158) Google Scholar, 8.Feng J.Q. Ward L.M. Liu S. et al.Loss of DMP1 causes rickets and osteomalacia and identifies a role for osteocytes in mineral metabolism.Nat Genet. 2006; 38: 1310-1315Crossref PubMed Scopus (860) Google Scholar, 9.Lorenz-Depiereux B. Bastepe M. Benet-Pages A. et al.DMP1 mutations in autosomal recessive hypophosphatemia implicate a bone matrix protein in the regulation of phosphate homeostasis.Nat Genet. 2006; 38: 1248-1250Crossref PubMed Scopus (407) Google Scholar, 10.Shimada T. Mizutani S. Muto T. et al.Cloning and characterization of FGF23 as a causative factor of tumor-induced osteomalacia.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001; 98: 6500-6505Crossref PubMed Scopus (1120) Google Scholar Patients with CKD can also present clear elevations of circulating FGF23 levels, which typically develop early in the course of CKD.11.Larsson T. Nisbeth U. Ljunggren O. et al.Circulating concentration of FGF-23 increases as renal function declines in patients with chronic kidney disease, but does not change in response to variation in phosphate intake in healthy volunteers.Kidney Int. 2003; 64: 2272-2279Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (539) Google Scholar, 12.Weber T.J. Liu S. Indridason O.S. et al.Serum FGF23 levels in normal and disordered phosphorus homeostasis.J Bone Miner Res. 2003; 18: 1227-1234Crossref PubMed Scopus (281) Google Scholar, 13.Imanishi Y. Inaba M. Nakatsuka K. et al.FGF-23 in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis.Kidney Int. 2004; 65: 1943-1946Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (223) Google Scholar Circulating FGF23 appears to be intact and biologically active in CKD patients, even when circulating levels of the immunoreactive FGF23 are dramatically elevated as in patients with end-stage renal disease.14.Shimada T. Urakawa I. Isakova T. et al.Circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 in patients with end-stage renal disease treated by peritoneal dialysis is intact and biologically active.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 95: 578-585Crossref PubMed Scopus (157) Google Scholar It is therefore likely that increased levels of circulating FGF23 target the remnant nephrons in patients with early-stage CKD, thereby enhancing fractional excretion of phosphate (FEPi) and inhibiting the production of 1,25(OH)2D. In fact, frank hyperphosphatemia does not develop until later stages of CKD when the glomerular filtration rate drops to <30 ml/min.15.Wilson L. Felsenfeld A. Drezner M.K. et al.Altered divalent ion metabolism in early renal failure: role of 1,25(OH)2D.Kidney Int. 1985; 27: 565-573Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (100) Google Scholar In addition, recent clinical studies have shown that FGF23 independently correlates with low 1,25(OH)2D and normal phosphate levels,16.Shigematsu T. Kazama J.J. Yamashita T. et al.Possible involvement of circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with renal insufficiency.Am J Kidney Dis. 2004; 44: 250-256Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (271) Google Scholar,17.Gutierrez O. Isakova T. Rhee E. et al.Fibroblast growth factor-23 mitigates hyperphosphatemia but accentuates calcitriol deficiency in chronic kidney disease.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16: 2205-2215Crossref PubMed Scopus (689) Google Scholar suggesting the pathophysiological importance of increased FGF23. The aim of this study is to provide evidence that concludes a pathophysiological role of FGF23 in the abnormal regulation of mineral metabolism. To address this, we developed progressive CKD model rats and analyzed the effect of anti-FGF23 monoclonal antibodies that block the activity of endogenous circulating FGF23.18.Yamazaki Y. Tamada T. Kasai N. et al.Anti-FGF23 neutralizing antibodies show the physiological role and structural features of FGF23.J Bone Miner Res. 2008; 23: 1509-1518Crossref PubMed Scopus (143) Google Scholar,19.Aono Y. Yamazaki Y. Yasutake J. et al.Therapeutic effects of anti-FGF23 antibodies in hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia.J Bone Miner Res. 2009; 24: 1879-1888Crossref PubMed Scopus (171) Google Scholar Progressive nephritis was induced in Wistar-Kyoto rats by singly injecting an anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antiserum.20.Nagano N. Miyata S. Obana S. et al.Sevelamer hydrochloride, a phosphate binder, protects against deterioration of renal function in rats with progressive chronic renal insufficiency.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003; 18: 2014-2023Crossref PubMed Scopus (36) Google Scholar Serum creatinine levels in the rats, which had received the anti-GBM antiserum (CKD rats), started to increase from day 10 (10 days after the injection of the anti-GBM antiserum), followed by progressive changes in mineral parameters (Figure 1). CKD rats did not develop significant hyperphosphatemia until day 30. A major decrease in the circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2D (to 10% of baseline) was observed by day 20. This model also exhibited mild but statistically significant hypocalcemia after day 10, which was not progressive and normalized by days 40–50. The low levels of both 1,25(OH)2D and calcium presumably caused increased circulating PTH levels starting on day 20. Serum FGF23 levels showed a moderate but significant increase by day 10 and rapidly increased thereafter. Thus, before day 30, the rats with anti-GBM nephritis mimicked, with the exception of low blood calcium levels, most of the abnormalities in mineral ion homeostasis typically seen in patients with early-stage CKD. Therefore, we focused on this time period in analyzing the actions of FGF23. Additional CKD rats were developed, and blood and urine analyses on day 28 showed similar laboratory data in mineral metabolism as observed in Figure 1 (Table 1). Of note, CKD rats again did not develop significant hyperphosphatemia, but we found a 65% increase in FEPi (Table 1). These CKD animals were divided into three groups and were then treated with either vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline) or two different doses of anti-FGF23 antibodies (0.1 or 1 mg/kg) as an intravenous single injection on day 32. Subsequently, changes in serum levels of phosphate, calcium, PTH, and 1,25(OH)2D, as well as FEPi, were monitored for up to 72 h after the antibody injection.Table 1Blood and urinary parameters in anti-GBM nephritis on day 28Normal (N=8)CKD (N=30)P-valuesCreatinine (mg/dl)0.67±0.031.22±0.05<0.001Pi (mg/dl)7.2±0.27.2±0.10.8131,25(OH)2D (pg/ml)179.2±23.124.9±2.9<0.001Ca (mg/dl)10.0±0.19.5±0.1<0.005PTH (pg/ml)37.4±3.1181.1±16.7<0.001FGF23 (pg/ml)227.2±7.7640.1±41.3<0.001FEPi (%)16.6±1.427.5±1.3<0.001Abbreviations: Ca, calcium; CKD, chronic kidney disease; FEPi, fractional excretion of phosphate; FGF23, fibroblast growth factor 23; PTH, parathyroid hormone; GBM, glomerular basement membrane; Pi, phosphate. WKY rats were injected with a rabbit anti-rat GBM serum (CKD, N=30) or an equivalent volume of normal rabbit serum (Normal, N=8). On day 28, blood samples were collected from tail artery and sera were prepared. Urine samples were collected in metabolic cages for 24 h and FEPi was determined. Results represent mean±s.e.m. and statistical significance was evaluated using Student's t-test. Open table in a new tab Abbreviations: Ca, calcium; CKD, chronic kidney disease; FEPi, fractional excretion of phosphate; FGF23, fibroblast growth factor 23; PTH, parathyroid hormone; GBM, glomerular basement membrane; Pi, phosphate. WKY rats were injected with a rabbit anti-rat GBM serum (CKD, N=30) or an equivalent volume of normal rabbit serum (Normal, N=8). On day 28, blood samples were collected from tail artery and sera were prepared. Urine samples were collected in metabolic cages for 24 h and FEPi was determined. Results represent mean±s.e.m. and statistical significance was evaluated using Student's t-test. Treatment with anti-FGF23 antibodies resulted in marked elevations in serum phosphate levels that were dependent on the dose of antibody and lasted, in rats given the higher dose, for >48 h (Figure 2a). In association with the increased serum Pi levels, FEPi decreased within 24 h after the treatment with anti-FGF23 antibodies (Figure 2b). The injection of anti-FGF23 antibodies also induced a dramatic increase in serum 1,25(OH)2D levels, such that they reached normal levels, which lasted for at least 72 h in the group that had received the higher dose of the antibodies (Figure 3a). These increases in the biologically active form of vitamin D were accompanied in kidney by equivalent changes in the levels of the mRNAs encoding vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes (Figure 3b). In comparison to vehicle-injected normal animals, CKD rats showed about 50% reduction in the renal expression of the 1α-OHase, whereas the expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (24-OHase) increased by approximately fivefold. The antibody treatment dramatically increased the expression of the 1α-OHase, whereas decreasing that of the 24-OHase within 8 h. The recovery in serum 1,25(OH)2D levels was followed by increased serum calcium levels after 48 h in the antibody-treated CKD rats (Figure 4). In addition, blocking FGF23 action in CKD rats resulted in moderate suppression of circulating levels of PTH (Figure 4). Because this change occurred after the recovery of both serum 1,25(OH)2D and calcium, the suppression of PTH is likely because of the effect of the elevations of 1,25(OH)2D and calcium. We demonstrated that the inhibition of FGF23 activity in rats with mild CKD resulted in high serum phosphate and normal 1,25(OH)2D levels. These findings indicate that normal phosphate and low 1,25(OH)2D in these rats are FGF23-dependent changes, and are compatible with the clinical observations that circulating levels of FGF23 correlated well with FEPi or lowered 1,25(OH)2D levels in patients with early-stage CKD.16.Shigematsu T. Kazama J.J. Yamashita T. et al.Possible involvement of circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with renal insufficiency.Am J Kidney Dis. 2004; 44: 250-256Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (271) Google Scholar,17.Gutierrez O. Isakova T. Rhee E. et al.Fibroblast growth factor-23 mitigates hyperphosphatemia but accentuates calcitriol deficiency in chronic kidney disease.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16: 2205-2215Crossref PubMed Scopus (689) Google Scholar FEPi was high in rats with mild CKD and decreased after the treatment with anti-FGF23 antibodies. This indicates that FGF23 inhibits renal phosphate reabsorption in mild CKD, thereby maintaining serum phosphate levels within the reference range. In other words, phosphate retention appeared to be mitigated by compensatory FGF23 actions, although glomerular filtration rate was already significantly reduced. This is compatible with the clinical observations that circulating levels of FGF23 tended to show a better correlation with FEPi than serum phosphate levels in patients with mild CKD.16.Shigematsu T. Kazama J.J. Yamashita T. et al.Possible involvement of circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with renal insufficiency.Am J Kidney Dis. 2004; 44: 250-256Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (271) Google Scholar,17.Gutierrez O. Isakova T. Rhee E. et al.Fibroblast growth factor-23 mitigates hyperphosphatemia but accentuates calcitriol deficiency in chronic kidney disease.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16: 2205-2215Crossref PubMed Scopus (689) Google Scholar Because hyperphosphatemia is known to be one of the risk factors for vascular calcification, and the severe vascular calcification seen in Fgf23 knockout mice has been shown to be caused by hyperphosphatemia,21.Stubbs J.R. Liu S. Tang W. et al.Role of hyperphosphatemia and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in vascular calcification and mortality in fibroblastic growth factor 23 null mice.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007; 18: 2116-2124Crossref PubMed Scopus (221) Google Scholar maintaining serum phosphate levels by FGF23 may in part contribute to prevent the development of vascular calcifications in early CKD. It is of interest that the injection of antibodies increased serum phosphate levels despite continuously high circulating levels of PTH. Although a mild decrease in PTH levels was observed after 48 h, changes in both serum and urinary phosphate occurred before this reduction of PTH. Therefore, the observed hyperphosphatemia resulted from the inhibition of FGF23 action, independently of PTH, suggesting that although further experiments are required, FGF23 has, at least in the early stages of CKD, a more important role in renal phosphate handling than PTH. This is consistent with previous observations in humans showing that the circulating levels of FGF23 but not PTH are correlated with serum phosphate levels.17.Gutierrez O. Isakova T. Rhee E. et al.Fibroblast growth factor-23 mitigates hyperphosphatemia but accentuates calcitriol deficiency in chronic kidney disease.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16: 2205-2215Crossref PubMed Scopus (689) Google Scholar Our study also provides evidence that increased FGF23 action, in addition to a loss of healthy nephrons, is another driving force by which serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D significantly decrease in early-stage CKD. Given that the administration of a phosphate binder reduced circulating levels of FGF23 in CKD rats,22.Nagano N. Miyata S. Abe M. et al.Effect of manipulating serum phosphorus with phosphate binder on circulating PTH and FGF23 in renal failure rats.Kidney Int. 2006; 69: 531-537Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (121) Google Scholar the previous observation that dietary phosphate restriction reversed the low 1,25(OH)2D levels in patients with moderate CKD23.Portale A.A. Booth B.E. Halloran B.P. et al.Effect of dietary phosphorus on circulating concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in children with moderate renal insufficiency.J Clin Invest. 1984; 73: 1580-1589Crossref PubMed Scopus (291) Google Scholar can be interpreted as a result of a decrease in circulating levels of FGF23. Another important point illuminated by our study is that the continuously high circulating level of PTH in early CKD, which should increase renal expression of 1α-OHase, cannot maintain normal circulating 1,25(OH)2D levels. This implies that in early CKD, FGF23 action on the regulation of 1,25(OH)2D is more dominant than that of PTH. Treatment with antibodies resulted in the mild decrease in serum PTH level, which was probably caused by elevations of both serum calcium and 1,25(OH)2D levels. In this regard, our finding suggests the sequence of events in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism in early-stage CKD. Presumably, the elevation of PTH per se was necessary to prevent an even more severe hypocalcemia that could be caused by the significantly low serum 1,25(OH)2D induced by FGF23. This condition may be consistent with the settings in mice carrying the cells overexpressing recombinant FGF23, where the continuous action of FGF23 caused low serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D and calcium, thereby developing secondary hyperparathyroidism.24.Bai X. Miao D. Li J. et al.Transgenic mice overexpressing human fibroblast growth factor 23 (R176Q) delineate a putative role for parathyroid hormone in renal phosphate wasting disorders.Endocrinology. 2004; 145: 5269-5279Crossref PubMed Scopus (278) Google Scholar Thus, although the first trigger by which FGF23 increases remains unclear, our finding suggests that the same sequence underlies the enhanced PTH secretion in early CKD, leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Our study raised a question on the impact of direct action of FGF23 on the parathyroid gland. FGF23 has been shown to directly suppress PTH expression/secretion through an essential co-receptor for FGF23 signaling, Klotho.25.Ben-Dov I.Z. Galitzer H. Lavi-Moshayoff V. et al.The parathyroid is a target organ for FGF23 in rats.J Clin Invest. 2007; 117: 4003-4008PubMed Google Scholar,26.Krajisnik T. Bjorklund P. Marsell R. et al.Fibroblast growth factor-23 regulates parathyroid hormone and 1alpha-hydroxylase expression in cultured bovine parathyroid cells.J Endocrinol. 2007; 195: 125-131Crossref PubMed Scopus (367) Google Scholar However, it is known that circulating levels of FGF23 are positively associated with those of PTH even in mild CKD,16.Shigematsu T. Kazama J.J. Yamashita T. et al.Possible involvement of circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with renal insufficiency.Am J Kidney Dis. 2004; 44: 250-256Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (271) Google Scholar which was reproduced in our CKD rats as well. Furthermore, treatment with FGF23 antibodies did not increase circulating PTH, but rather reduced serum PTH levels, probably because of the normalized 1,25(OH)2D and increased calcium levels. These suggest that there is a resistance or insensitivity to FGF23 in the parathyroid gland, which may be, in part, explained by the recent finding that Klotho and FGF receptor expressions in this organ were reduced in patients with end-stage renal disease.27.Komaba H. Goto S. Fujii H. et al.Depressed expression of Klotho and FGF receptor 1 in hyperplastic parathyroid glands from uremic patients.Kidney Int. 2010; 77: 232-238Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (206) Google Scholar Even if FGF23 could target the parathyroid gland and regulate PTH secretion in early CKD, our finding suggests that the action of calcium or 1,25(OH)2D is more potent than that of FGF23 on PTH secretion. Thus, the FGF23-dependent regulation of PTH is unlikely to have a dominant role at least in early CKD. In summary, our study provides direct evidence for the conclusion that high levels of circulating FGF23 in early-stage CKD mitigate phosphate retention and cause low levels of circulating 1,25(OH)2D, confirming recent clinical observations. Based on these findings, it may be necessary to revise current hypotheses regarding the mechanisms that result in the development of abnormal mineral ion homeostasis in CKD, and to develop strategies to prevent the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The experimental protocol was approved by the experimental animal ethical committee of Kirin Pharma. Rabbit anti-rat GBM serum was prepared in our laboratory according to the previously published method.20.Nagano N. Miyata S. Obana S. et al.Sevelamer hydrochloride, a phosphate binder, protects against deterioration of renal function in rats with progressive chronic renal insufficiency.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003; 18: 2014-2023Crossref PubMed Scopus (36) Google Scholar Anti-GBM nephritis was established by singly injecting 9-week-old male Wistar-Kyoto rats (Charles River, Tokyo, Japan) with rabbit anti-rat GBM serum via tail vein. Normal rats were injected with an equivalent volume of normal rabbit serum (Funakoshi, Tokyo, Japan). Blood samples were sequentially collected from the tail artery on the indicated days. All rats were fed a standard rodent chow CE-2 (Crea, Japan) containing 1% calcium and 1% phosphate and tap water ad libitum. Serum and urine levels of phosphate and calcium were measured by test Wako kits (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan). Serum and urine creatinine levels were measured by CRE-EN kit (Kainos, Tokyo, Japan). Serum PTH and 1,25(OH)2D levels were measured using rat PTH-(1–34) immunoradiometric assay (Immutopics, San Clemente, CA, USA) and 1,25(OH)2D radioimmunoassay (TFB, Immunodiagnostic System, Tyne and Wear, UK), respectively. Serum FGF23 levels were determined with intact FGF23 assay kit (Kainos). Anti-FGF23 neutralizing antibodies used in this study were 1:1 mixtures of mouse monoclonal antibodies that recognize either the N-terminal receptor-binding domain or the C-terminal Klotho-binding region and have synergistic effects in vivo.18.Yamazaki Y. Tamada T. Kasai N. et al.Anti-FGF23 neutralizing antibodies show the physiological role and structural features of FGF23.J Bone Miner Res. 2008; 23: 1509-1518Crossref PubMed Scopus (143) Google Scholar Antibodies were affinity-purified by protein G sepharose 4FF (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) and stored in phosphate-buffered saline without any other supplements. Total RNAs were extracted from kidneys using RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA), and were used to prepare complementary DNA by reverse transcription using SuperScript III First Strand Synthesis System RT kit (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Real-time quantitative PCR was performed using the ABI7900HT system and the following TaqMan Expression Assay Primers (Life Technologies): Cyp27b1:Rn00587137, Cyp24:Rn01423141, and β-actin:Rn00667869. All data were analyzed using SAS analytics software (SAS Institute, Tokyo, Japan). All values represent means±s.e.m. Statistical significance between CKD and normal groups was analyzed using nested analysis of variance, followed by Student's t-test at each time point. Pharmacological effects of anti-FGF23 neutralizing antibodies at each time point were evaluated using parametric Dunnett's test after a nested analysis of variance. The P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. We are grateful to Kaori Ono, Nozomi Yoshii, and Sonoe Miyata for their excellent technical assistance.