HomeCirculationVol. 108, No. 9ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 Guideline Update for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography: Summary Article Free AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBACC/AHA/ASE 2003 Guideline Update for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography: Summary ArticleA Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASE Committee to Update the 1997 Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography) Committee Members Melvin D. Cheitlin, MD, MACC, Chair, William F. Armstrong, MD, FACC, FAHA, Gerard P. Aurigemma, MD, FACC, FAHA, George A. Beller, MD, FACC, FAHA, Fredrick Z. Bierman, MD, FACC, Jack L. Davis, MD, FACC, Pamela S. Douglas, MD, FACC, FAHA, FASE, David P. Faxon, MD, FACC, FAHA, Linda D. Gillam, MD, FACC, FAHA, Thomas R. Kimball, MD, FACC, William G. Kussmaul, MD, FACC, Alan S. Pearlman, MD, FACC, FAHA, FASE, John T. Philbrick, MD, FACP, Harry Rakowski, MD, FACC, FASE, Daniel M. Thys, MD, FACC, FAHA, Elliott M. Antman, Task Force Members:, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair, Sidney C. SmithJr, MD, FACC, FAHA, Vice-Chair, Joseph S. Alpert, MD, FACC, FAHA, Gabriel Gregoratos, MD, FACC, FAHA, Jeffrey L. Anderson, MD, FACC, Loren F. Hiratzka, MD, FACC, FAHA, David P. Faxon, MD, FACC, FAHA, Sharon Ann Hunt, MD, FACC, FAHA, Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, Alice K. Jacobs, MD, FACC, FAHA, Raymond J. Gibbons, MD, FACC, FAHA and Richard O. Russell, MD, FACC, FAHA Committee Members , Melvin D. CheitlinMelvin D. Cheitlin , William F. ArmstrongWilliam F. Armstrong , Gerard P. AurigemmaGerard P. Aurigemma , George A. BellerGeorge A. Beller , Fredrick Z. BiermanFredrick Z. Bierman , Jack L. DavisJack L. Davis , Pamela S. DouglasPamela S. Douglas , David P. FaxonDavid P. Faxon , Linda D. GillamLinda D. Gillam , Thomas R. KimballThomas R. Kimball , William G. KussmaulWilliam G. Kussmaul , Alan S. PearlmanAlan S. Pearlman , John T. PhilbrickJohn T. Philbrick , Harry RakowskiHarry Rakowski , Daniel M. ThysDaniel M. Thys , Elliott M. AntmanElliott M. Antman , Sidney C. SmithJrSidney C. SmithJr , Joseph S. AlpertJoseph S. Alpert , Gabriel GregoratosGabriel Gregoratos , Jeffrey L. AndersonJeffrey L. Anderson , Loren F. HiratzkaLoren F. Hiratzka , David P. FaxonDavid P. Faxon , Sharon Ann HuntSharon Ann Hunt , Valentin FusterValentin Fuster , Alice K. JacobsAlice K. Jacobs , Raymond J. GibbonsRaymond J. Gibbons and Richard O. RussellRichard O. Russell Originally published2 Sep 2003https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000073597.57414.A9Circulation. 2003;108:1146–1162I. General Considerations and ScopeThe previous guideline for the use of echocardiography was published in March 1997. Since that time, there have been significant advances in the technology of echocardiography and growth in its clinical use and in the scientific evidence leading to recommendations for its proper use.Each section has been reviewed and updated in evidence tables, and where appropriate, changes have been made in recommendations. A new section on the use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is being added to update the guidelines published by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. There are extensive revisions, especially of the sections on ischemic heart disease; congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and assessment of left ventricular (LV) function; and screening and echocardiography in the critically ill. There are new tables of evidence and extensive revisions in the ischemic heart disease evidence tables.Because of space limitations, only those sections and evidence tables with new recommendations will be printed in this summary article. Where there are minimal changes in a recommendation grouping, such as a change from Class IIa to Class I, only that change will be printed, not the entire set of recommendations. Advances for which the clinical applications are still being investigated, such as the use of myocardial contrast agents and three-dimensional echocardiography, will not be discussed.The original recommendations of the 1997 guideline are based on a Medline search of the English literature from 1990 to May 1995. The original search yielded more than 3000 references, which the committee reviewed. For this guideline update, literature searching was conducted in Medline, EMBASE, Best Evidence, and the Cochrane Library for English-language meta-analyses and systematic reviews from 1995 through September 2001. Further searching was conducted for new clinical trials on the following topics: echocardiography in adult congenital heart disease, echocardiography for evaluation of chest pain in the emergency department, and intraoperative echocardiography. The new searches yielded more than 1000 references that were reviewed by the writing committee.This document includes recommendations for the use of echocardiography in both adult and pediatric patients. The pediatric guidelines also include recommendations for fetal echocardiography, an increasingly important field. The guidelines include recommendations for the use of echocardiography in both specific cardiovascular disorders and the evaluation of patients with frequently observed cardiovascular symptoms and signs, common presenting complaints, or findings of dyspnea, chest discomfort, and cardiac murmur. In this way, the guidelines will provide assistance to physicians regarding the use of echocardiographic techniques in the evaluation of such common clinical problems.The recommendations concerning the use of echocardiography follow the indication classification system (eg, Class I, II, and III) used in other American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines:Class I: Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a given procedure or treatment is useful and effective.Class II: Conditions for which there is conflicting evidence and/or a divergence of opinion about the usefulness/efficacy of a procedure or treatment.IIa: Weight of evidence/opinion is in favor of usefulness/efficacy.IIb: Usefulness/efficacy is less well established by evidence/opinion.Class III: Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that the procedure/treatment is not useful/effective and in some cases may be harmful.Evaluation of the clinical utility of a diagnostic test such as echocardiography is far more difficult than assessment of the efficacy of a therapeutic intervention because the diagnostic test can never have the same direct impact on patient survival or recovery. Nevertheless, a series of hierarchical criteria are generally accepted as a scale by which to judge worth.1–3Hierarchical Levels of Echocardiography AssessmentTechnical capacityDiagnostic performanceImpact on diagnostic and prognostic thinkingTherapeutic impactHealth-related outcomesBecause there are essentially no randomized trials assessing health outcomes for diagnostic tests, the committee has not ranked the available scientific evidence in an A, B, and C fashion (as in other ACC/AHA documents) but rather has compiled the evidence in tables. The evidence tables have been extensively revised and updated. All recommendations are thus based on either this evidence from observational studies or on the expert consensus of the committee.The definition of echocardiography used in this document incorporates Doppler analysis, M-mode echocardiography, two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), and, when indicated, TEE. Intravascular ultrasound is not considered but is reviewed in the ACC/AHA Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention1 (available at http://www. acc.org/clinical/guidelines/percutaneous/dirIndex.htm) and the Clinical Expert Consensus Document on intravascular ultrasound2 (available at http://www.acc.org/clinical/consensus/standards/standard12.htm). Echocardiography for evaluating the patient with cardiovascular disease for noncardiac surgery is considered in the ACC/AHA Guidelines for Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery.3 The techniques of three-dimensional echocardiography are still in the developmental stages and are not considered here. New techniques that are still rapidly evolving and improvements that are purely technological in echo-Doppler instrumentation, such as color Doppler imaging and digital echocardiography, are not going to be separately discussed in the clinical recommendations addressed in this document. Tissue Doppler imaging, both pulsed and color, which detects low Doppler shift frequencies of high energy generated by the contracting myocardium and consequent wall motion, are proving very useful in evaluating systolic and diastolic myocardial function. However, these technological advances will also not be separately discussed in the clinical recommendations.4,5 Echocardiographic-contrast injections designed to assess myocardial perfusion to quantify myocardium at risk and perfusion beds also were not addressed.These guidelines address recommendations about the frequency with which an echocardiographic study is repeated. If the frequency with which studies are repeated could be decreased without adversely affecting the quality of care, the economic savings realized would likely be significant. With a noninvasive diagnostic study and no known complications, the potential for repeating the study unnecessarily exists. It is easier to state when a repeat echocardiogram is not needed then when and how often it should be repeated, because no studies in the literature address this question. How often an echocardiogram should be done depends on the individual patient and must be left to the judgment of the physician until evidence-based data addressing this issue are available.The ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 Guideline Update for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography includes several significant changes in the recommendations and in the supporting narrative portion. In this summary, we list the updated recommendations, as well as commentary on some of the changes. All new or revised language in recommendations appears in boldface type. Only the references supporting the new recommendations are included in this article. The reader is referred to the full-text version of the guidelines posted on the American College of Cardiology (www.acc.org), American Heart Association (www.americanheart.org), and American Society for Echocardiography (www.asecho.org) World Wide Web sites for a more detailed exposition of the rationale for these changes.Section II-B. Native Valvular StenosisRecommendations for Echocardiography in Valvular StenosisComment: New references.6,7Class IIb2. Dobutamine echocardiography for the evaluation of patients with low-gradient aortic stenosis and ventricular dysfunction.Section II-C. Native Valvular RegurgitationRecommendations for Echocardiography in Native Valvular RegurgitationComment: Literature on valvular effects of anorectic drugs and references to echocardiographic predictors of prognosis after aortic and mitral valve surgery have been added.6–10Class I7. Assessment of the effects of medical therapy on the severity of regurgitation and ventricular compensation and function when it might change medical management.8. Assessment of valvular morphology and regurgitation in patients with a history of anorectic drug use, or the use of any drug or agent known to be associated with valvular heart disease, who are symptomatic, have cardiac murmurs, or have a technically inadequate auscultatory examination.Class III2. Routine repetition of echocardiography in past users of anorectic drugs with normal studies or known trivial valvular abnormalities.Section II-F. Infective Endocarditis: Native ValvesRecommendations for Echocardiography in Infective Endocarditis: Native ValvesComment: The Duke Criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis have been added, as well as the value of TEE in the setting of a negative transthoracic echocardiogram when there is high clinical suspicion or when a prosthetic valve is involved.11,12Class I6. If TTE is equivocal, TEE evaluation of staphylococcus bacteremia without a known source.Class IIa1. Evaluation of persistent nonstaphylococcus bacteremia without a known source.*Class III1. Evaluation of transient fever without evidence of bacteremia or new murmur.Section II-G. Prosthetic ValvesRecommendations for Echocardiography in Valvular Heart Disease and Prosthetic ValvesClass I3. Use of echocardiography (especially TEE) inguiding the performance of interventional techniques and surgery (eg, balloon valvotomy and valve repair) for valvular disease.Section IV-A. Acute Ischemic SyndromesRecommendations for Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Ischemic SyndromesComment: Movement of a recommendation from Class IIa to Class I and minor wording change.Recommendations for Echocardiography in Risk Assessment, Prognosis, and Assessment of Therapy in Acute Myocardial Ischemic SyndromesClass I4. Assessment of myocardial viability when required to define potential efficacy of revascularization.*Class IIa2. Moved to Class I (see above).Class IIb1. Assessment of late prognosis (greater than or equal to 2 years after acute myocardial infarction).Section IV-B. Chronic Ischemic Heart DiseaseRecommendations for Echocardiography in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Chronic Ischemic Heart DiseaseComment: There are new sections on stress echocardiography in the detection of coronary disease in the transplanted heart and stress echocardiography in the detection of coronary disease in women. There is one new Class I recommendation and three new Class IIa recommendations. Recommendations have been renumbered for clarity.Class I2. Exercise echocardiography for diagnosis of myocardial ischemia in selected patients (those for whom ECG assessment is less reliable because of digoxin use, LVH or with more than 1 mm ST depression at rest on the baseline ECG, those with pre-excitation [Wolff-Parkinson-White] syndrome, complete left bundle-branch block) with an intermediate pretest likelihood of CAD.Class IIaPrognosis of myocardial ischemia in selected patients (those in whom ECG assessment is less reliable) with the following ECG abnormalities: pre-excitation (Wolff-Parkinson-White) syndrome, electronically paced ventricular rhythm, more than 1 mm of ST depression at rest, complete left bundle-branch block.*Detection of coronary arteriopathy in patients who have undergone cardiac transplantation.†Detection of myocardial ischemia in women with a low or intermediate pretest likelihood of CAD.*Class IIb1. Moved to Class IIa.Recommendations for Echocardiography in Assessment of Interventions in Chronic Ischemic Heart DiseaseOne new Class IIa recommendation has been added.Class IIa1. Assessment of LV function in patients with previous myocardial infarction when needed to guide possible implantation of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) in patients with known or suspected LV dysfunction.Tables 1 through 6 are new tables that relate to CAD. TABLE 1. Evaluation of Myocardial Viability With DSE in Patients With Chronic CAD and Impaired Systolic LV Function to Detect Hibernating MyocardiumFirst Author, YearRef.StressTotal PatientsCriteriaSensitivity %Specificity %PPV %NPV %Accuracy %DSE indicates dobutamine stress echocardiography (dobutamine infused at both low and high doses); CAD, coronary artery disease; LV, left ventricular; Ref. reference number; Stress, DSE protocol used for pharmacological stress; Total Patients, number of patients with chronic CAD and LV dysfunction in whom DSE studies were analyzed; Criteria, findings on DSE considered as a "positive" indicator of viability; PPV, positive predictive value (likelihood that presence of viability by DSE is indicative of subsequent functional recovery after revascularization); NPV, negative predictive value (likelihood that absence of viability by DSE is indicative of lack of functional recovery after revascularization); LD-DSE, low dose DSE; Imp. WM, improved wall motion during dobutamine stress in a previously asynergic segment; and Biphasic resp, biphasic response, defined as improvement in wall motion during LD-DSE followed by worsening at high dose.In these patients, percutaneous or surgical revascularization was performed after DSE testing. Those patients demonstrating improved wall motion on follow-up resting transthoracic echocardiography were considered to have had impaired LV function due to hibernating myocardium, whereas those demonstrating no improvement despite revascularization were considered to have had impaired LV function due to necrotic myocardium.*Wall motion analyzed by segment;†wall motion analyzed by patient.Marzullo, 199313LD-DSE14Imp. WM*8292957385Cigarroa, 199314LD-DSE25Imp. WM†8286828684Alfieri, 199315LD-DSE14Imp. WM*9178927688La Canna, 199416LD-DSE33Imp. WM*8782907785Charney, 199417LD-DSE17Imp. WM*7193927481Afridi, 199518DSE20Imp. WM†8090898285Perrone-Filardi, 199519LD-DSE18Imp. WM*8887918287Senior, 199520LD-DSE22Imp. WM*8782927386Haque, 199521LD-DSE26Imp. WM*9480948091Arnese, 199522LD-DSE38Imp. WM*7496859391deFilippi, 199523LD-DSE23Imp. WM*9775879389Iliceto, 199624LD-DSE16Imp. WM*7188738783Varga, 199625LD-DSE19Imp. WM*7494937884Baer, 199626LD-DSE42Imp. WM†9288928890Vanoverschelde, 199627LD-DSE73Imp. WM†8877848284Gerber, 199628LD-DSE39Imp. WM*7187896577Bax, 199629LD-DSE17Imp. WM*8563499170Perrone-Filardi, 199630LD-DSE18Imp. WM*7983926581Qureshi, 199731LD-DSE34Imp. WM*8668519273Qureshi, 199731DSE34Biphasic resp*7489728985Nagueh, 199732LD-DSE18Imp. WM*9166619375Nagueh, 199732DSE18Biphasic resp*6883708277Furukawa, 199733LD-DSE53Imp. WM*7972767576Cornel, 199734LD-DSE30Imp. WM*8982749385TABLE 2. Prognostic Value of Stress Echocardiography in Various Patient Populations*First Author, YearReferenceStressTotal PtsAvg F/U, moEventsAnnualized Event Rate, %IschemiaNo IschemiaNormalAnnualized Event Rate indicates the percentage of patients per year who developed at least 1 adverse event during follow-up, depending on whether inducible ischemia was or was not demonstrated by stress echocardiography (the annualized event rate is also tabulated for those series describing patients who had normal resting and normal stress results); Stress, stress echocardiography protocol; Total Pts, number of patients studied with stress echocardiography and subsequently followed up for the development of adverse events (including death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, revascularization, or unstable angina; in posttransplant patients, development of severe congestive heart failure was also considered an adverse event); Avg F/U, average period of follow-up after stress echocardiography; DIP, dipyridamole stress echocardiography; D, death; MI, nonfatal myocardial infarction; NL, series describing follow-up only in subjects with normal stress echocardiography test results; TME, treadmill stress echocardiography; DSE, dobutamine stress echocardiography; UA, unstable angina; Re, revascularization necessary; w, patients in these series were all women; and CHF, development of severe congestive heart failure.*Prognostic value of inducible ischemia, detected with different forms of stress echocardiography, in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease and patients after cardiac transplantation.†New wall motion abnormality considered "positive" for inducible ischemia.‡Any wall motion abnormality (at rest or with stress) considered "positive."Chronic ischemic heart disease Picano, 198935DIP†53936D, MI2.30.7… Sawada, 199036NL TME14828.4D, MI……0.6 Mazeika, 199337DSE†5124D, MI, UA163.8… Krivokapich, 199338TME†360≈12D, MI10.83.1… Afridi, 199439DSE†7710D, MI488.93 Poldermans, 199440DSE†43017D, MI6.63.4… Coletta, 199541DIP†26816D, MI17.91.4… Kamaran, 199542DSE†2108D, MI691… Williams, 199643DSE†10816D, MI, Re32.67.3… Anthopoulos, 199644DSE†12014D, MI13.60… Marcovitz, 199645DSE†29115D, MI12.88.21.1 Heupler, 199746TME†508w41D, MI, Re9.21.3… McCully, 199847NL TME132523D, MI……0.5 Chuah, 199848DSE‡86024D, MI6.96.31.9 Cortigiani, 199849DSE or DIP†456w32D, MI2.90.3… Davar, 199950NL DSE72w13D, MI……0After cardiac transplantation Ciliberto, 199351DIP‡809.8D, MI, CHF26.20… Lewis, 199752DSE‡638D, MI, CHF28.63.6…TABLE 3. Prognostic Value of Viable (Hibernating) Myocardium by LD-DSE and Influence of RevascularizationFirst Author, YearRef.StressTotal PtsAvg F/U, moAdverse EventsAnnualized Event Rate, %Viable, +ReViable, −ReNot ViableLD-DSE indicates low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography; Ref., reference number; Stress, stress echocardiography protocol; Total Pts, number of patients with chronic ischemic heart disease and impaired left ventricular systolic function studied with LD-DSE and subsequently followed up for the development of an adverse event (death or nonfatal myocardial infarction); Avg F/U, average period of follow-up after LD-DSE; Annualized Event Rate, percentage of patients per year who developed an adverse event during follow-up after LD-DSE; Viable, +Re, patients with viability (contractile reserve) demonstrated by LD-DSE who underwent revascularization and were then followed up; Viable, -Re, patients with viability (contractile reserve) demonstrated by LD-DSE who did not undergo revascularization and were then followed up; Not Viable, patients without contractile reserve by LD-DSE who were followed up for adverse events; and MI, nonfatal myocardial infarction.Prognostic value of contractile reserve detected with LD-DSE in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease and impaired left ventricular systolic function. The annualized rate of death or MI is tabulated in patients with viable myocardium by LD-DSE depending on whether they did or did not undergo revascularization and also in those patients without viable myocardium.Meluzin, 199853LD-DSE13320Death, MI4.1…9.5Afridi, 199854LD-DSE35318Death42019TABLE 4. Diagnostic Accuracy of Exercise Echocardiography in Detecting Angiographically Proved CAD (Without Correction for Referral Bias)First Author, YearRef.ExerciseSignificant CADTotal PtsSensitivity, %Sens 1-VD, %Sens MVD, %Specificity, %PPV, %NPV, %Accuracy, %CAD indicates coronary artery disease; Ref., reference number; Exercise, type of exercise testing used in conjunction with transthoracic echocardiographic imaging; Significant CAD, % coronary luminal diameter narrowing, demonstrated by selective coronary angiography, considered to represent significant CAD; Total Pts, number of patients in each series undergoing selective coronary angiography in whom exercise echocardiographic studies and wall motion analysis were also performed; Sens 1-VD, test results positive in patients with single-vessel CAD; Sens MVD, test results positive in patients with multivessel disease; PPV, positive predictive value (likelihood of angiographically significant CAD in patients with inducible wall motion abnormalities by exercise echocardiography); NPV, negative predictive value (likelihood of absence of angiographically significant CAD in patients without inducible wall motion abnormalities by exercise echocardiography); TME, treadmill exercise; UBE, upright bicycle ergometry; BE, bicycle ergometry; and SBE, supine bicycle ergometry.A new or worsening regional wall motion abnormality induced by stress generally was considered a "positive" result.Limacher, 198355TMEGreater than 50%7391649888967590Armstrong, 198656TMEGreater than or equal to 50%9588……87975787Armstrong, 198757TMEGreater than or equal to 50%12388819386976188Ryan, 198858TMEGreater than or equal to 50%647876801001007386Labovitz, 198959TMEGreater than or equal to 70%5676……1001007486Sawada, 198960TME or UBEGreater than or equal to 50%5786888286868686Sheikh, 199061TMEGreater than or equal to 50%347474…91946379Pozzoli, 199162UBEGreater than or equal to 50%7571619496976480Crouse, 199163TMEGreater than or equal to 50%228979210064908789Galanti, 199164UBEGreater than or equal to 70%5393939296969394Marwick, 199265TMEGreater than or equal to 50%15084799686956385Quinones, 199266TMEGreater than or equal to 50%11274598988965178Salustri, 199267BEGreater than or equal to 50%448787…85937586Amanullah, 199268UBEGreater than or equal to 50%2782……80955081Hecht, 199369SBEGreater than or equal to 50%180938410086957991Ryan, 199370UBEGreater than or equal to 50%30991869578908187Mertes, 199371SBEGreater than or equal to 50%7984878985917585Hoffmann, 199372SBEGreater than 70%6680798188955882Cohen, 199373SBEGreater than 70%5278639087946281Marwick, 199474BEGreater than 50%8688829180897785Roger, 199475TMEGreater than or equal to 50%15091………………Marangelli, 199476TMEGreater than or equal to 75%8089769791938690Beleslin, 199477TMEGreater than or equal to 50%13688889182975088Williams, 199478UBEGreater than 50%7088898684838986Roger, 199579TMEGreater than or equal to 50%12788……729360…Dagianti, 199580SBEGreater than 70%6076708094908587Marwick, 199581TME or UBEGreater than or equal to 50%16180758581719181Bjornstad, 199582UBEGreater than or equal to 50%3784788667934481Marwick, 199583TMEGreater than 50%14771638091858182Tawa, 199684TMEGreater than 70%4594……83948391Luotolahti, 199685UBEGreater than or equal to 50%11894949370975092Tian, 199686TMEGreater than 50%4688918693977689Roger, 199787TMEGreater than or equal to 50%34078……41794069TABLE 5. Diagnostic Accuracy of Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography in Detecting Angiographically Proved CAD (Without Correction for Referral Bias)Author, YearRef.ProtocolSignificant CADTotal PtsSensitivity, %Sens 1-VD, %Sens MVD, %Specificity, %PPV, %NPV, %Accuracy, %CAD indicates coronary artery disease; Ref., reference number; Protocol, dobutamine stress protocol, including initial and peak infusion rates (expressed in micrograms per kilogram per minute); Significant CAD, % coronary luminal diameter narrowing, demonstrated by selective coronary angiography, considered to represent significant CAD; Total Pts, number of patients in each series undergoing selective coronary angiography in whom dobutamine stress echocardiographic studies and wall motion analysis were also performed; Sens 1-VD, test results positive in patients with single-vessel CAD; Sens MVD, test results positive in patients with multivessel CAD; PPV, positive predictive value (likelihood of angiographically significant CAD in patients with inducible wall motion abnormalities by pharmacological stress echocardiography); NPV, negative predictive value (likelihood of absence of angiographically significant CAD in patients without inducible wall motion abnormalities by pharmacological stress echocardiography); DSE, dobutamine stress echocardiography; and DASE, dobutamine/atropine stress echocardiography.A new or worsening regional wall motion abnormality induced by stress generally was considered a "positive" result.Berthe, 198688DSE 5–40Greater than or equal to 50%3085…8588858887Sawada, 199189DSE 2.5–30Greater than or equal to 50%55898110085918174Sawada, 199189DSE 2.5–30Greater than or equal to 50%4181…8187917287Previtali, 199190DSE 5–40Greater than or equal to 70%356850921001004483Cohen, 199191DSE 2.5–40Greater than 70%7086699495987289Martin, 199292DSE 10–40Greater than 50%3476……44794068McNeill, 199293DASE 10–40Greater than or equal to 50%2871……………71Segar, 199294DSE 5–30Greater than or equal to 50%8895……82948692Mazeika, 199295DSE 5–20Greater than or equal to 70%5078509293976282Marcovitz, 199296DSE 5–30Greater than or equal to 50%14196959866918489McNeill, 199297DASE 10–40Greater than or equal to 50%8070……88896778Salustri, 199298DSE 5–40Greater than or equal to 50%4679……78857078Marwick, 199399DSE 5–40Greater than or equal to 50%9785848682887884Forster, 1993100DASE 10–40Greater than 50%2175--89907381Gunalp, 1993101DSE 5–30Greater than 50%2783788989947385Marwick, 1993102DSE 5–40Greater than or equal to 50%21772667783896176Hoffmann, 199372DASE 5–40Greater than 70%6479788181935780Previtali, 1993103DSE 5–40Greater than 50%8079639183926180Takeuchi, 1993104DSE 5–30Greater than or equal to 50%12085739793958088Cohen, 199373DSE 2.5–40Greater than 70%5286759587947287Ostojic, 1994105DSE 5–40Greater than or equal to 50%15075748179963175Marwick, 199474DSE 5–40Greater than 50%8654366583864964Beleslin, 199477DSE 5–40Greater than or equal to 50%13682828276963882Sharp, 1994106DSE 5–50Greater than or equal to 50%5483698971895980Pellikka, 1995107DSE 5–40Greater than or equal to 50%6798……65849487Ho, 1995108DSE 5–40Greater than or equal to 50%54931009273937389Daoud, 1995109DSE 5–30Greater than or equal to 50%7692919373956289Dagianti, 199580DSE 5–40Greater than or equal to 70%6072608097958387Pingitore, 1996110DASE 5–40Greater than or equal to 50%11084788889975285Schroder, 1996111DASE 10–40Greater than or equal to 50%4676719088974478Anthopoulos, 199644DASE 5–40Greater than or equal to 50%12087749084946886Ling, 1996112DASE 5–40Greater than or equal to 50%18393……62955490Takeuchi, 1996113DASE 5–40Greater than or equal to 50%7075787392799087Minardi, 1997114DASE 5–40Greater than or equal to 50%4775816767971574Dionisopoulos, 1997115DASE 5–40Greater than or equal to 50%28887809189957187Elhendy, 1997116DASE 5–40Greater than or equal to 50%30674598385945076Ho, 1998117DSE 5–40Greater than or equal to 50%5193899582879088TABLE 6. Diagnostic Accuracy of Stress Echocardiography in Detecting Angiographically Proved CAD in Women (Generally Without Correction for Referral Bias)First Author, YearRef.ProtocolSignificant CADTotal PtsSensitivity, %Sens 1-VD, %Sens MVD, %Specificity, %PPV, %NPV, %Accuracy, %CAD indicates coronary artery disease; Ref., reference number; Protocol, exercise or pharmacological protocol used in conjunction wit