During kidney development, WNT/β-catenin signalling has to be tightly controlled to ensure proliferation and differentiation of renal stem cells. Here we show that the two signalling molecules RSPO1 and RSPO3 act in a functionally redundant manner to permit WNT/β-catenin signallingand their genetic deletion leads to a rapid decline of renal progenitors. By contrast, tissue specific deletion in cap mesenchymal cells abolishes mesenchyme to epithelial transition (MET) that is linked to a loss of Bmp7 expression, absence of SMAD1/5 phosphorylation and a concomitant failure to activate Lef1, Fgf8 and Wnt4, thus explaining the observed phenotype on a molecular level. Surprisingly, the full knockout of LGR4/5/6, the cognate receptors of R-spondins, only mildly affects progenitor numbers, but does not interfere with MET. Taken together our data demonstrate key roles for R-spondins in permitting stem cell maintenance and differentiation and reveal Lgr -dependent and independent functions for these ligands during kidney formation.