GliaVolume 53, Issue 8 p. 799-808 Original Article Transplanted glioma cells migrate and proliferate on host brain vasculature: A dynamic analysis Azadeh Farin, Azadeh Farin Department Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NYSearch for more papers by this authorSatoshi O. Suzuki, Satoshi O. Suzuki Department of Pathology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NYSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Weiker, Michael Weiker Department Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NYSearch for more papers by this authorJames E. Goldman, James E. Goldman Department of Pathology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NYSearch for more papers by this authorJeffrey N. Bruce, Jeffrey N. Bruce Department Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NYSearch for more papers by this authorPeter Canoll, Corresponding Author Peter Canoll [email protected] Department of Pathology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NYDepartment of Pathology, Columbia University, 630 W168th Street, New York, NY, 10032Search for more papers by this author Azadeh Farin, Azadeh Farin Department Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NYSearch for more papers by this authorSatoshi O. Suzuki, Satoshi O. Suzuki Department of Pathology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NYSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Weiker, Michael Weiker Department Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NYSearch for more papers by this authorJames E. Goldman, James E. Goldman Department of Pathology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NYSearch for more papers by this authorJeffrey N. Bruce, Jeffrey N. Bruce Department Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NYSearch for more papers by this authorPeter Canoll, Corresponding Author Peter Canoll [email protected] Department of Pathology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NYDepartment of Pathology, Columbia University, 630 W168th Street, New York, NY, 10032Search for more papers by this author First published: 15 March 2006 https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.20334Citations: 244Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract Glioma cells have a remarkable capacity to infiltrate the brain and migrate long distances from the tumor, making complete surgical resection impossible. Yet, little is known about how glioma cells interact with the complex microenvironment of the brain. To investigate the patterns and dynamics of glioma cell infiltration and migration, we stereotactically injected eGFP and DsRed-2 labeled rat C6 glioma cells into neonatal rat forebrains and used time-lapse microscopy to observe glioma cell migration and proliferation in slice cultures generated from these brains. In this model, glioma cells extensively infiltrated the brain by migrating along the abluminal surface of blood vessels. Glioma cells intercalated their processes between the endothelial cells and the perivascular astrocyte end feet, but did not invade into the blood vessel lumen. Dynamic analysis revealed notable similarities between the migratory behavior of glioma cells and that previously observed for glial progenitor cells. Glioma cells had a characteristic leading process and migrated in a saltatory fashion, with bursts of migration separated by periods of immobility, and maximum speeds of over 100 μm/h. Migrating glioma cells proliferated en route, pausing for as short as an hour to divide before the daughter cells resumed migrating. Remarkably, the majority of glioma cell divisions took place at or near vascular branch points, suggesting that mitosis is triggered by local environmental cues. This study provides the first dynamic analysis of glioma cell infiltration in living brain tissue and reveals that the migration and proliferation of transplanted glioma cells is directed by interactions with host brain vasculature. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Citing Literature Supporting Information This article contains supplementary material available at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0894-1491/suppmat Filename Description jws-glia.20334.anim1.mov24.4 MB 3-dimensional reconstruction of glioma cell distribution at 10 dpi.The reconstruction was generated from serial 100 μm coronal sections using the AMIRA software. The outline of the brain is shown in gray. The distribution of C6-GFP cells is displayed in green. Note that long tendrils of glioma cells are seen extending from the main tumor mass into the surrounding brain tissue. From this reconstruction we are able to measure several parameters of tumor growth; maximum radial distance of infiltration = 2.84 mm from tumor centroid, mean radial distance of infiltration = 0.77 mm from tumor centroid, and tumor volume = 1.95 mm 3 . jws-glia.20334.anim2.mov146.4 MB 40 hour time-lapse showing C6-eGFP glioma cells infiltrating the brain along host blood vessels.C6-eGFP cells were injected into the neonatal striatum and 300 mm thick coronal brain slices were prepared 10 dpi. An area of the brain slice containing the infiltrative edge of the tumor was monitored by time-lapse microscopy. Images were captured every 3 minutes for 40 hours. The paths of migration clearly outlined the branching architecture of the host brain vasculature and many cells were seen migrating along the same vessel. Several glioma cells stop and divide, often at vascular branch points. Over the course of the time-lapse the infiltrative edge of the tumor extends into the adjacent brain tissue as blood vessels become progressively more encased in glioma cells. jws-glia.20334.anim3.mov38.2 MB Three C6-eGFP glioma cells stop and divide at the same branch point.This movie, which is an enlargement of one region of the time-lapse shown in Movie 2, shows the behavior of 3 different glioma cells as they migrate toward a vascular branch point, stop and then divide. Note that one of the dividing cells in somewhat dimmer and out of the plane of focus. In each case, both daughter cells end up migrating along the same vessel, with one daughter cell closely following the other. jws-glia.20334.anim4.mov35 MB Two-color time-lapse showing C6-eGFP glioma cells migrating along blood vessels.Rat pups (10 dpi with C6-eGFP) were given intracardiac injection of Rhodamine-labeled Dextran (50 mg/ml) immediately prior to sacrifice to pre-label the brain vasculature and then slice cultures were prepared and monitored by time-lapse microscopy. Images were captured every 3 minutes for 4 hours. jws-glia.20334.anim5.mov8.3 MB Glioma cells migrate in a saltatory fashion.C6-eGFP cells were injected into the neonatal rat striatum and slice cultures were prepared 10 dpi and monitored by time-lapse microscopy, 1 frame taken every 3 minutes for 10 hours. A microscopic field was chosen several mm from the injection site that contained individual glioma cells distributed along blood vessels and clusters of glioma cells at some vascular branch points. Glioma cells migrate into and out of clusters along host blood vessels and often stop and/or change direction at vascular branch points. Dynamic analysis revealed that the cells migrate in a saltatory fashion with maximum speeds of over 100 μm/hr and average speeds of approximately 25 μm/hr (see figure 4). jws-glia.20334.anim6.mov4.6 MB This movie, which is an enlargement of one region of the time-lapse shown in Movie 5, shows the saltatory pattern that typifies glioma cell migration. The migrating glioma cells have a unipolar morphology with a long leading process that extends and retracts as the cell advances with bursts of migration separated by periods during which the cell body remains relatively immobile. Quantitative analysis shows that the periods of immobility correspond to time points when the cell is changing direction (see figure 4). There are 3 other cells in the movie, 1 that migrates out of the field in the opposite direction and 2 that remain relatively immobile throughout the time-lapse. jws-glia.20334.anim7.mov35.7 MB Time-lapse showing the relationship between migration and proliferation.C6-DsRed cells were injected into the neonatal rat striatum and slices were prepared 10 dpi. The migration of C6-DsRed cells was monitored for 21 hours by time-lapse microscopy. Ten cells undergo mitosis during the time-lapse; each of the mitoses takes place at or near a vascular branch point (see figure 5). Movie 7 shows the entire 10X microscopic field and Movie 8 shows a close-up of one cell that stops and divides at a branch point. Figure 5D shows the quantitative analysis of this cell as it reverses direction, stops and divides. The 2 daughter cells migrate away from each other in opposite directions. jws-glia.20334.anim8.mov18.6 MB - jws-glia.20334.anim9.mov4.1 MB Time-lapse sequence showing a C6-eGFP glioma cell dividing.The mother cell has an elongated morphology as it migrates along the blood vessel. The cell pauses as the tip of the leading process reaches a vascular branch point then retracts the leading process, rounds up and divides. At the end of mitosis the daughter cells extend their leading processes in opposite directions and begin to migrate away from each other. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. Volume53, Issue8June 2006Pages 799-808 RelatedInformation