HomeCirculationVol. 112, No. 15Percutaneous Recanalization of Chronically Occluded Coronary Arteries Free AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissionsDownload Articles + Supplements ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toSupplemental MaterialFree AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBPercutaneous Recanalization of Chronically Occluded Coronary ArteriesA Consensus Document: Part I Gregg W. Stone, David E. Kandzari, Roxana Mehran, Antonio Colombo, Robert S. Schwartz, Steven Bailey, Issam Moussa, Paul S. Teirstein, George Dangas, Donald S. Baim, Matthew Selmon, Bradley H. Strauss, Hideo Tamai, Takahiko Suzuki, Kazuaki Mitsudo, Osamu Katoh, David A. Cox, Angela Hoye, Gary S. Mintz, Eberhard Grube, Louis A. Cannon, Nicolaus J. Reifart, Mark Reisman, Alexander Abizaid, Jeffrey W. Moses, Martin B. Leon and Patrick W. Serruys Gregg W. StoneGregg W. Stone From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , David E. KandzariDavid E. Kandzari From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Roxana MehranRoxana Mehran From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Antonio ColomboAntonio Colombo From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Robert S. SchwartzRobert S. Schwartz From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Steven BaileySteven Bailey From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Issam MoussaIssam Moussa From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Paul S. TeirsteinPaul S. Teirstein From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , George DangasGeorge Dangas From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Donald S. BaimDonald S. Baim From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Matthew SelmonMatthew Selmon From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Bradley H. StraussBradley H. Strauss From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Hideo TamaiHideo Tamai From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Takahiko SuzukiTakahiko Suzuki From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Kazuaki MitsudoKazuaki Mitsudo From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Osamu KatohOsamu Katoh From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , David A. CoxDavid A. Cox From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Angela HoyeAngela Hoye From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Gary S. MintzGary S. Mintz From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Eberhard GrubeEberhard Grube From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Louis A. CannonLouis A. Cannon From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Nicolaus J. ReifartNicolaus J. Reifart From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Mark ReismanMark Reisman From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey (L.A.C.); Kardiologisches Institut, Bad Soden, Germany (N.J.R.); Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash (M.R.); and Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.). , Alexander AbizaidAlexander Abizaid From the Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S., R.M., I.M., G.D., G.S.M., J.W.M., M.B.L.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.E.K.); Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy (A.C.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn (R.S.S.); University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (S.B.); Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif (P.S.T.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.S.B.); Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Intervention, Redwood City, Calif (M.S.); St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.H.S.); Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Moriyama, Japan (H.T.); Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan (T.S., O.K.); Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan (K.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.H., P.W.S.); Heart Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany (E.G.); Cardiac and Vascular Research Cen