Human diferric transferrin binds to the surface of K562 cells, a human leukemic cell h e .There are about 1.6 x lo6 binding sites per cell surface, exhibiting a KO of about lo-' M. Upon warming cells to 37 O C there is a rapid increase in uptake to a steady state level of twice that obtained at 0 "C.This is accounted for by internalization of the ligand as shown by the development of resistance to either acid wash or protease treatment of the ligand-cell association.After a minimum residency time of 4-5 min, undegraded transferrin is released from the cell.Internalization is rapid but is dependent upon cell surface occupancy; at occupancies of 20% or greater the rate coefficient is maximal at about 0.1-0.2min-l.In the absence of externally added ligand only 60% of the internalized transferrin completes the cycle and is released to the medium with a rate coefficient of 0.05 min-'.The remaining transferrin can be released from the cell only by the addition of ligand, suggesting a tight coupling between cell surface binding, internalization, and release of internalized ligand.There is a loss of cell surface-binding capacity that accompanies transferrin internalization.At low ( ~5 0 % ) occupancy this loss is monotonic with the extent of internalization.Even at saturating levels of transferrin, the loss of surface receptors upon internalization never exceeds 60-70% of the initial binding capacity.This suggests that receptors enter the cell with ligand but are replaced so as to maintain a constant, albeit reduced, receptor number on the cell surface.In the absence of ligand, the cell surface receptor number returns at 37 "C.Neither sodium azide nor m C 1 blocks internalization of ligand.However, they both prevent the release of transferrin from the cell thus halting the transferrin cycle.Excess ligand can overcome the block due to m C 1 but not azide although the cycle is markedly slower.Iron is delivered to these cells by transferrin at 37 "C with a rate coefficient of 0.15 to 0.2 min-'.The iron is released from the transferrin and the majority is found in intracellular ferritin.There is a large internal receptor pool comprising 70 to 80% of the total cell receptors and this may be involved in maintaining the steady state iron uptake.The mechanism by which iron is taken up by cells is still unclear.The delivery of iron to cells is mediated primarily, if not uniquely, by transferrin, a serum glycoprotein capable of