INTRODUCTION In the early 2000s, a subcommittee of the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society (ACNS) set out to “standardize terminology of periodic and rhythmic EEG patterns in the critically ill to aid in future research involving such patterns.” The initial proposed terminology was published in 2005.1 This was presented at many meetings on several continents, subjected to multiple rounds of testing of interrater reliability, underwent many revisions, and was then published as an ACNS guideline in 2013.2 Interrater agreement of the 2012 version (published in early 2013) was very good, with almost perfect agreement for seizures, main terms 1 and 2, the +S modifier, sharpness, absolute amplitude, frequency, and number of phases.3 Agreement was substantial for the +F and +R modifiers (66% and 67%) but was only moderate for triphasic morphology (58%) and fair for evolution (21%, likely at least partly because of the short EEG samples provided).3 The authors concluded that interrater agreement for most terms in the ACNS critical care EEG terminology was high and that these terms were suitable for multicenter research on the clinical significance of these critical care EEG patterns. With the help of infrastructure funding from the American Epilepsy Society and administrative and website support from the ACNS, a database that incorporated the ACNS terminology was developed for clinical and research purposes, tested during routine clinical care in multiple centers,4 and made available at no cost on the ACNS website (https://www.acns.org/research/critical-care-eeg-monitoring-research-consortium-ccemrc/ccemrc-public-database). This greatly enhanced the ability to complete multicenter investigations. After the establishment of the standardized terminology and free access to a database incorporating these terms, there have been many investigations into the clinical significance of rhythmic and periodic patterns (RPPs) in critically ill patients. Patterns such as lateralized rhythmic delta activity (LRDA) were found to be highly associated with acute seizures,5,6 equivalent to the association found with lateralized periodic discharges (LPDs) in one study.5 The association of all the main patterns in the nomenclature with seizures was defined in a multicenter cohort of almost 5,000 patients, with seizure rates highest for LPDs, intermediate for LRDA and generalized periodic discharges (GPDs), and lowest for generalized rhythmic delta activity (GRDA).6 This and other studies have shown that several of the modifiers within the nomenclature do indeed have clinically relevant meaning. For example, studies have shown that higher frequency (especially >1.5 Hz), higher prevalence, longer duration, and having a “plus” modifier are all associated with a higher chance of acute seizures.6,7 On the other hand, whether a pattern was spontaneous or “stimulus-induced” did not seem to have a significant effect on its association with seizures.6 In other investigations, the “triphasic morphology” modifier was investigated blindly with multiple expert reviewers, calling into question its relationship with metabolic encephalopathy and its lack of a relationship with seizures.8,9 For patients with refractory status epilepticus treated with anesthetic-induced coma, the presence of “highly epileptiform” bursts suggested that an attempted wean off of anesthetics at that time was much more likely to lead to seizure recurrence than if the bursts were not highly epileptiform.10 Even long-term outcome seemed to be associated with some modifiers, with a higher risk of later epilepsy found if LPDs were more prevalent, had longer duration, or had a “plus” modifier.7 CHANGES IN THE 2021 VERSION OF THE TERMINOLOGY Although the previous version of the terminology was easy to use, reliable, and valuable for both research and clinical care, new terms and concepts have emerged. In this version, we incorporate recent research findings, add definitions of several new terms, and clarify a few definitions of old terms. Most of the old terms remain unchanged, but there have been some important clarifications and corrections (such as the calculation of the number of phases) and multiple additions. All changes have been summarized in Table 1. One new main term 1 was added (Unilateral Independent), and main term 2 “Lateralized” was updated to include “bilateral asynchronous” patterns. Electrographic seizures (ESz), electrographic status epilepticus (ESE), electroclinical seizures (ECSz), and electroclinical status epilepticus (ECSE) have now been defined, largely based on the “Salzburg criteria.”11,12 Brief potentially ictal rhythmic discharges (BIRDs) have been added based on recent publications13,14, and a consensus definition of the ictal-interictal continuum (IIC) has been proposed. We also added definitions of identical bursts,15 state changes, cyclic alternating pattern of encephalopathy (CAPE), and extreme delta brush (EDB).16 To facilitate daily use, we are also providing the “ACNS Standardized Critical Care EEG Terminology 2021: Condensed Version” (see Supplemental Digital Content, http://links.lww.com/JCNP/A149) and the “ACNS Standardized Critical Care EEG Terminology 2021: Reference Chart” (see Supplemental Digital Content, http://links.lww.com/JCNP/A150). Finally, for educational purposes and conceptual clarity, we provided extensive schematic diagrams (Figures 1–42) of most patterns to quickly demonstrate the core features and principles. Supplemental figures include EEG examples from 30 cases and are available as Supplemental Digital Content at http://links.lww.com/JCNP/A134. TABLE 1. - ACNS Standardized Critical Care EEG Terminology: Major and Minor Changes Between the 2012 and 2021 Versions Major changes EEG background • “Variability” and “Stage II sleep transients (K-complexes and spindles)” now combined under “State changes”. • Cyclic Alternating Pattern of Encephalopathy (CAPE) (new term: Section A7, page 7) • Identical bursts (new term: Section A4d, page 6) Rhythmic and Periodic Patterns (RPPs: PDs, RDA and SW) • Unilateral Independent (UI) (new Main Term 1 option: Section C1d, page 10) • Lateralized (bilateral asynchronous) (Main Term 1: Section C1b, page 9) • Patterns that consistently begin in one hemisphere and propagate to the other hemisphere can now be included as a lateralized (bilateral asynchronous) pattern. • Frequency • For PDs and SW, typical frequencies >2.5 Hz can only be applied to RPPs <10 s duration (“very brief” by definition); if PDs or SW have a typical frequency >2.5 Hz and are ≥10 s these would qualify as electrographic seizures (criterion A) and should be referred to as such rather than as PDs or SW. • No RPP in this terminology can have a typical frequency of >4 Hz; if a pattern is > 4 Hz and ≥0.5 s, it would always meet criteria for either BIRDs (if <10 s) or an electrographic seizure (if ≥10 s) (see definitions below). If <0.5 s, this would not qualify as any RPP, but might qualify as a polyspike. • Evolution • Evolution of an RPP is now limited to patterns that are ≤4 Hz AND <10 s duration. Any >4-Hz RPP with evolution lasting <10 s would qualify as a definite BIRD (see Section E, page 24). Any RPP with evolution lasting ≥10 s meets criterion B of an electrographic seizure and should be coded as such. • Extreme Delta Brush (EDB) (new term: Section C3i, page 19) • Stimulus-Terminated (new modifier) Electrographic and Electroclinical Seizure Activity • Electrographic seizure (ESz) (new term: Section D1, page 22) • Electrographic status epilepticus (ESE) (new term: Section D2, page 23) • Electroclinical seizure (ECSz) (new term: Section D3, page 24) • Electroclinical status epilepticus (ECSE) (new term: Section D4, page 24) • Possible electroclinical status epilepticus (new term: Section D4b, page 24) Brief Potentially Ictal Rhythmic Discharges (BIRDs) (new term: Section E, page 24) Ictal-Interictal Continuum (IIC) (new term: Section F, page 25) Minor changes EEG background • Predominant background frequency • Beta (>13 Hz) has now been added (rather than only “alpha or faster”) • Continuity • Nearly continuous changed from ≤10% to 1–9% attenuation/suppression • Burst suppression changed from >50% attenuation/suppression to 50–99% • Suppression/attenuation changed from entirety to >99% of the record • Burst attenuation/suppression • Can now also be described by applying the location descriptions of Main term 1 • Highly Epileptiform Bursts • Previously: present if multiple epileptiform discharges are seen within the majority (>50%) of bursts and occur at an average of 1/s or faster OR if a rhythmic, potentially ictal-appearing pattern occurs at 1/s or faster within the majority (>50%) of bursts. • Updated to: present if 2 or more epileptiform discharges (spikes or sharp waves) are seen within the majority (>50%) of bursts and occur at an average of 1 Hz or faster within a single burst (frequency is calculated as the inverse of the typical interpeak latency of consecutive epileptiform discharges within a single burst) OR if a rhythmic, potentially ictal-appearing pattern occurs at 1/s or faster within the majority (>50%) of bursts. • Voltage • High (most or all activity ≥150 µV) has now been added as a category Rhythmic and periodic patterns • Duration: • Intermediate duration changed from 1–4.9 mins to 1–9.9 mins (to match the definition of focal status epilepticus with impaired consciousness by the International League Against Epilepsy).17 • Long duration accordingly changed from 5–59 mins to 10–59 mins • Absolute voltage (amplitude) • Medium, changed from 50–199 µV to 50–149 µV • High accordingly changed from ≥200 µV to ≥150 µV • Polarity changed from major modifier to minor modifier METHODS All the definitions are based on extensive discussions not only among the authors of this document but also among many others, both live and via email and questionnaires. There was not always complete consensus on some issues; electronic voting (with each voter blinded to the opinion of others for the first round) was used for most of these issues. We considered additional changes from previous versions or from the literature such as eliminating the 10-second cutoff for defining electrographic seizures but because no clear consensus was reached (it was close to a split decision), this was not changed. 2021 ACNS CRITICAL CARE EEG TERMINOLOGY CONTENTS A. EEG BACKGROUND B. SPORADIC EPILEPTIFORM DISCHARGES C. RHYTHMIC AND PERIODIC PATTERNS (RPPs) D. ELECTROGRAPHIC AND ELECTROCLINICAL SEIZURES [NEW, 2021] E.BRIEF POTENTIALLY ICTAL RHYTHMIC DISCHARGES (BIRDs) [NEW, 2021] F. ICTAL-INTERICTAL CONTINUUM (IIC) [NEW, 2021] G. MINIMUM REPORTING REQUIREMENTS H. OTHER TERMS General Notes NOTE: This terminology is intended to be used at all ages, excluding neonates, although some terms may not be ideal for infants. For the neonatal version of the terminology, please see https://www.acns.org/UserFiles/file/The_American_Clinical_Neurophysiology_Society_s.12.pdf.18 NOTE: This terminology is intended for use in the critically ill, although it can be applied in other settings as well. It is mostly compatible with the 2017 multinational revised glossary of terms most commonly used by clinical electroencephalographers.19 NOTE: Although any finding on EEG can be focal, regional, or hemispheric, such as an asymmetry or slowing, and this is a very important distinction in some circumstances such as epilepsy surgery, all of these are combined within the terms “lateralized” or “asymmetric” in this nomenclature. However, additional localizing information (e.g., where the pattern is maximal and which lobes are involved) can be provided and can also be applied to several modifiers and sporadic epileptiform discharges. This additional localizing information was built into the freely available Critical Care EEG Monitoring Research Consortium (CCEMRC) database that incorporated the previous version of this nomenclature (https://www.acns.org/research/critical-care-eeg-monitoring-research-consortium-ccemrc/ccemrc-public-database).4 A new database is being created with this 2021 nomenclature fully incorporated. NOTE: In this section and throughout the document, the term “ictal” is used to refer to an EEG pattern seen during an epileptic seizure, whether clinical or electrographic-only, as the term is commonly used in EEG literature. NOTE: “Hz” is used as an abbreviation for “per second” for all types of periodic or rhythmic patterns, even when referring to noncontinuous waveforms. NOTE: All voltage measurements in this document are based on peak to trough (not peak to baseline) measurements in a standard 10–20 longitudinal bipolar recording. However, for assessing voltage symmetry, an appropriate referential recording is preferred. NOTE: The term “consistent” or “consistently” refers to >80% of instances (e.g., >80% of discharges in a periodic pattern, >80% of cycles of a rhythmic pattern, or present >80% of the record for a background pattern). A. EEG BACKGROUND 1. Symmetry a. Symmetric. b. Mild asymmetry (consistent asymmetry in voltage [Fig. 1A] on an appropriate referential recording of <50% or consistent asymmetry in frequency of 0.5 to 1 Hz [Fig. 1B]). c. Marked asymmetry (≥50% voltage or >1 Hz frequency asymmetry [Fig. 1C]). FIG. 1.: A. Symmetric vs mild asymmetry in voltage. B. Symmetric vs mild asymmetry in frequency. C. Marked asymmetry in voltage and frequency.NOTE: When any of the following features (Section A2–A10) are asymmetric, they should be described separately for each hemisphere. 2. Predominant Background Frequency When Most Awake or After Stimulation a. Beta (>13 Hz) b. Alpha. c. Theta. d. Delta. NOTE: If two or three frequency bands are equally prominent, report each one. 3. Posterior Dominant (“Alpha”) Rhythm (must be demonstrated to attenuate with eye opening; wait >1 second after eye closure to determine frequency to avoid “alpha squeak”) a. Present: Specify frequency to the nearest 0.5 Hz. b. Absent. c. Unclear. 4. Continuity (Fig. 2) a. Continuous b. Nearly Continuous: continuous, but with occasional (1–9% of the record) periods of attenuation or suppression lasting ≥1 second. Describe typical duration of attenuation/suppression. i. Attenuation: periods of lower voltage are ≥10 µV but <50% of the higher voltage background. ii. Suppression: periods of lower voltage are <10 µV. FIG. 2.: Continuity. Percentages for each category refer to the percentage of the record that is “attenuated” or “suppressed.” How this percentage is derived is demonstrated in Fig. 4, page 6.NOTE: If attenuations/suppressions are stimulus-induced, this is referred to as “SI-attenuation” or “SI-suppression.” NOTE: This voltage cutoff, as with other voltages, differs from the ACNS neonatal terminology.18 c. Discontinuous: A pattern of attenuation/suppression alternating with higher voltage activity, with 10% to 49% of the record consisting of attenuation or suppression. d. Burst attenuation/Burst suppression: A pattern of attenuation/suppression alternating with higher voltage activity, with 50% to 99% of the record consisting of attenuation (see Supp EEG 1, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JCNP/A134) or suppression (see Supp EEG 2, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JCNP/A134). NOTE: The term “suppression-burst” is synonymous with “burst-suppression.” NOTE: Bursts must average ≥0.5 seconds and have at least 4 phases (i.e., at least 3 baseline crossings; see Section C 3d, page 13, for definition of number of phases); if shorter or fewer phases, they should be considered “discharges” (as defined under RPPs, main term 2, see Section C 2a, page 12) (Fig. 3). Bursts within burst-suppression or burst-attenuation can last up to 30 seconds.FIG. 3.: Discharge vs. Burst. *Phase: an area under the curve on one side of the baseline (see Section C 3d, page 13, and Fig. 23, page 13).For nearly continuous, discontinuous, and burst attenuation/burst suppression patterns, specify: i. Attenuation Percent or Suppression Percent: the percent of the record/epoch that is attenuated or suppressed (Fig. 4). This can range from 1% to 99%. If <1%, it is considered continuous. If >99%, it is considered either suppressed or attenuated, but not burst-attenuation/burst-suppression or discontinuous. For example, a record with 2 second bursts alternating with 8 seconds of suppression would be burst-suppression with a suppression percent of 80%. FIG. 4.: Attenuation percent or Suppression percent: the percent of the record/epoch that is attenuated or suppressed. This can range from 1% to 99%. If <1%, it is considered continuous. If >99%, it is considered either suppressed or attenuated, but not discontinuous. For example, a record with 2 second bursts alternating with 8 seconds of suppression, as shown here, would be Burst-Suppression with a suppression percent of 80%.For burst attenuation/burst suppression patterns only, also specify the following: i. Localization of bursts: Bursts can be described using the same terms in Main Term 1 that apply to rhythmic and periodic discharges: generalized (including with shifting predominance; see Section C 1a below, page 9), lateralized, bilateral independent, unilateral independent, or multifocal (Fig. 5). ii. Typical duration of bursts and interburst intervals. iii. Sharpest component of a typical burst using the sharpness categories defined under Section C 3e below, page 14. iv. The presence or absence of “Highly Epileptiform Bursts”: present if two or more epileptiform discharges (spikes or sharp waves) are seen within most (>50%) bursts and occur at an average of 1 Hz or faster within a single burst (frequency is calculated as the inverse of the typical interpeak latency of consecutive epileptiform discharges within a single burst) (see Supp EEG 3, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JCNP/A134) (Fig. 6A); record typical frequency and location (G, L, BI, UI or Mf, as defined in RPP Section C1, page 9). Also present if a rhythmic, potentially ictal-appearing pattern occurs within most (>50%) bursts; record maximum frequency and location if this occurs (Fig. 6B). v. The presence or absence of “Identical Bursts”: Present if the first 0.5 seconds or longer of each burst (Fig. 7A) or of each stereotyped cluster of 2 or more bursts (Fig. 7B) appears visually similar in all channels in most (>90%) bursts (see Supp EEG 4, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JCNP/A134). e. Suppression/attenuation: entirety or near-entirety (>99%) of the record consists of either suppression (all <10 µV, as defined above) or low voltage activity (all <20 µV but not qualifying as suppression). Specify whether attenuated or suppressed. FIG. 5.: Localization of bursts. A. Generalized bursts, shifting predominance based on asynchrony. Symmetric bursts, at times starting on the left and others on the right, but never consistently the same side. This would be an example of generalized bursts, with shifting predominance based on asynchrony (rather than asymmetry, where they would sometimes be of greater amplitude on the left and other times the right). B. Lateralized bursts, bilateral asynchronous. Symmetric bursts consistently starting on the left with a lag before being seen on the right. This is an example of lateralized, bilateral asynchronous bursts. They are not Bilateral Independent (BI) bursts because there is a consistent relationship between the activity between hemispheres, i.e. the patterns are not independent.FIG. 6.: A. Highly Epileptiform Bursts. ‐‐‐ dashed lines represent longer duration of suppression; ED epileptiform discharge. B. Highly Epileptiform Bursts. ‐‐‐ dashed lines represent longer duration of suppression.FIG. 7.: A. Identical Bursts. The first 0.5 seconds or longer of each burst are visually similar in all channels (though only 1 channel shown) in most (>90%) bursts. B. Identical Bursts in a Stereotyped Cluster. The first 0.5 seconds or longer of each of 2 or more bursts in a stereotyped cluster are visually similar in all channels (though only 1 channel shown) in most (>90%) bursts.5. Reactivity Change in cerebral EEG activity to stimulation: This may include change in voltage or frequency, including attenuation of activity. Strength and/or nature of stimulus should be noted, and a standard protocol of testing reactivity with multiple escalating stimuli is strongly encouraged.20,21 Appearance of muscle activity or eye blink artifacts does not qualify as reactive. Categorize as the following: a. Reactive. b. Unreactive. NOTE: It is suggested that if an EEG is “unreactive” after one round of stimulation, a second round of standardized noxious stimulation should be performed to confirm the finding and should be applied with the patient in their nonstimulated state. If “unreactive” and the patient is on sedatives or paralytics, we suggest including this important caveat in the impression. c. SIRPIDs-only: when the only reactivity is stimulus-induced rhythmic, periodic, or ictal-appearing discharges (SIRPIDs).22 This includes SI-RDA, SI-PDs, SI-SW, SI-seizures, SI-bursts, SI-IIC, or SI-BIRDs (see multiple sections below). d. Unclear (typically used when testing may have not been adequate, there was too much artifact to assess the response, or there was a hint of a change in cerebral activity but not definite). e. Unknown (typically used when reactivity was not tested or patient was maximally alert throughout the EEG epoch). 6. State Changes Present if there are at least 2 sustained types of background EEG related to the level of alertness or stimulation; each must persist at least 60 seconds to qualify as a “state” (Fig. 8). Stimulation should be able to transition the patient from the less alert to more alert/more stimulated state. State changes can also occur spontaneously. The more alert/stimulated pattern is considered the primary reported “background” EEG pattern for the patient. Categorize state changes as the following: a. Present with normal stage N2 sleep transients (K-complexes and spindles) b. Present but with abnormal stage N2 sleep transients • Describe both K complexes and spindles separately as the following: i. Present and normal. ii. Present but abnormal. Specify abnormality (e.g., asymmetry, location, frequency, poorly formed). iii. Absent. c. Present but without stage N2 sleep transients. d. Absent FIG. 8.: State changes. At least 2 sustained types of background EEG, where: 1. The background activity is related to level of alertness or stimulation. 2. Each must persist ≥60 seconds to qualify as a “state“. 3. Stimulation should be able to transition the patient from the less alert to more alert/more stimulated state. 4. The more alert/more stimulated state is considered the “reported background” EEG. 5. State changes can also occur spontaneously. STIM = stimulation, Spont. = spontaneous.NOTE: The presence of state changes virtually always indicates the presence of reactivity; however, the presence of reactivity does not necessarily indicate the presence of state changes because the reactivity may last <60 seconds. 7. Cyclic Alternating Pattern of Encephalopathy (CAPE) CAPE refers to changes in background patterns (which may include RPPs), each lasting at least 10 seconds, and spontaneously alternating between the 2 patterns in a regular manner for at least six cycles (but often lasts minutes to hours) (Fig. 9). A cycle refers to the period of time before the sequence repeats (i.e., includes both states once). Document whether seen in the patient's more awake/stimulated state or less awake state if known. Describe each pattern and typical duration of each pattern. Optional: Describe if this pattern corresponds with cycling of other functions such as respirations, heart rate, blood pressure, movements, muscle artifact, and pupil size. a. Present. b. Absent. c. Unknown/unclear. FIG. 9.: Cyclic Alternating Pattern of Encephalopathy (CAPE). Changes in EEG background between pattern 1 and pattern 2, where: 1. Each pattern lasts at least 10 seconds, 2. Spontaneously alternates between the two patterns in a regular manner, 3. For at least 6 cycles.NOTE: If each pattern of CAPE lasts >60 seconds, this would qualify as the presence of state changes. If CAPE is always present, cannot be interrupted with stimulation, and at least one of the states lasts <60 seconds, it remains possible for a patient to have CAPE and no state changes. 8. Voltage a. High: most or all activity ≥150 µV in longitudinal bipolar with standard 10–20 electrodes (measured from peak to trough). b. Normal. c. Low: most or all activity <20 µV in longitudinal bipolar with standard 10–20 electrodes (measured from peak to trough), but not qualifying as suppressed. d. Suppressed: all activity <10 µV. NOTE: If the background is nearly continuous or discontinuous, EEG background voltage refers to the higher voltage portion. 9. Anterior-Posterior (AP) Gradient An AP gradient is present if, at any point in the epoch, there is a clear and persistent (at least 1 continuous minute) anterior to posterior gradient of voltages and frequencies such that lower voltage, faster frequencies are seen in anterior derivations, and higher voltage, slower frequencies are seen in posterior derivations (Fig. 10). A reverse AP gradient is defined identically but with a posterior to anterior gradient of voltages and frequencies. a. Present. b. Absent. c. Present, but reversed. FIG. 10.: Anterior-posterior (AP) gradient.10. Breach Effect Breach effect refers to EEG activity over or nearby a skull defect and consists of activity of higher amplitude and increased sharpness, primarily of faster frequencies, compared with the rest of the brain, especially compared with the homologous region on the opposite side of the head. a. Present (provide location). b. Absent. c. Unclear. B. SPORADIC EPILEPTIFORM DISCHARGES This refers to nonrhythmic and nonperiodic spikes, polyspikes, and sharp waves, as previously defined by Kane et al.19 in the 2017 revised glossary of terms most commonly used by clinical electroencephalographers. A “spike” is defined as “a transient, clearly distinguished from background activity, with pointed peak at a conventional time scale and duration from 20 to <70 ms,” with duration measured at the EEG baseline (Fig. 11). A “sharp wave” is defined identically, but with a duration of 70 to 200 ms. A spike or sharp wave is usually diphasic or triphasic, apiculate (i.e., pointed peak), asymmetric (typically with a steeper ascending slope than descending, but can be the opposite), and either followed by a slow wave or associated with some other disruption of the background. A “polyspike” refers to 2 or more spikes occurring in a row with no interdischarge interval and lasting <0.5 seconds (if ≥0.5 seconds, they would either qualify as BIRDs [see section E below, page 24] or, if alternating with suppression or attenuation, a highly epileptiform burst within burst suppression/attenuation [see section A 4d, page 5] [Fig. 12]). The prevalence of epileptiform discharges (combining spikes, polyspikes and sharp waves) should be categorized as follows: a. Abundant: ≥1 per 10 seconds, but not periodic. FIG. 11.: Sporadic Epileptiform Discharges.FIG. 12.: Polyspike versus BIRDs versus Highly Epileptiform Bursts.NOTE: It can be helpful to record the estimated average and maximum number of spikes per 10-second epoch when abundant epileptiform discharges are seen. b. Frequent: ≥1/minute but less than 1 per 10 seconds c. Occasional: ≥1/hour but less than 1/minute d. Rare: <1/hour C. RHYTHMIC AND PERIODIC PATTERNS (RPPs) All terms consist of two main terms, with modifiers added as appropriate. Main term 1 refers to the localization of the pattern and main term 2 specifies the type of pattern. 1. Main Term 1: G, L, BI, UI, or Mf a. Generalized (G): any bilaterally synchronous and symmetric pattern (see Supp EEGs 5 and 6, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JCNP/A134) (Fig. 13), even if it has a restricted field (e.g., bifrontal). FIG. 13.: Generalized Periodic Discharges (GPDs). Generalized: Bilateral synchronous and symmetric periodic discharges. In this case, the pattern is “frontally predominant.”NOTE: A pattern that is bilateral with shifting predominance based on asymmetry (i.e., amplitude, sometimes higher on left and sometimes right), OR based on asynchrony (i.e., timing, sometimes earlier on the left and sometimes right) but is not consistently (>80% of the time) lateralized to one side would still be considered “Generalized.” With shifting asynchrony, one should specify the typical time lag between sides. NOTE: Some suggested that a more accurate term would be “bilateral synchronous,” but this was rejected for several reasons: 1. many lateralized patterns are also bilateral synchronous (see definition of “lateralized” immediately below); 2. this is more difficult to abbreviate (2 letters); and 3, the word “generalized” has been used widely to refer to patterns, discharges, seizures, and epilepsies that are not truly generalized. “Generalized” in this sense has also been used in many studies in the literature related to critical care EEG and in the previous version of this nomenclature. Thus, it was not changed. NOTE: Additional localizing information for Generalized patterns: i. “Frontally predominant”: Voltage in anterior derivations is at least 50% greater than that in posterior derivations on a common average, transverse bipolar, ipsilateral ear, or noncephalic referential recording (see Supp EEG 7, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.l