Article16 December 2004free access Myc represses transcription through recruitment of DNA methyltransferase corepressor Carmen Brenner Carmen Brenner Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Rachel Deplus Rachel Deplus Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Céline Didelot Céline Didelot Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Axelle Loriot Axelle Loriot Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research, UCL, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Emmanuelle Viré Emmanuelle Viré Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Charles De Smet Charles De Smet Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research, UCL, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Arantxa Gutierrez Arantxa Gutierrez ICREA and Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain Search for more papers by this author Davide Danovi Davide Danovi Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy Search for more papers by this author David Bernard David Bernard Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Thierry Boon Thierry Boon Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research, UCL, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Pier Giuseppe Pelicci Pier Giuseppe Pelicci Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy Search for more papers by this author Bruno Amati Bruno Amati Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy Search for more papers by this author Tony Kouzarides Tony Kouzarides Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Search for more papers by this author Yvan de Launoit Yvan de Launoit Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Brussels, Belgium UMR 8117, CNRS Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille 1, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, Cedex, France Search for more papers by this author Luciano Di Croce Luciano Di Croce ICREA and Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy Search for more papers by this author François Fuks Corresponding Author François Fuks Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Brussels, Belgium Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Search for more papers by this author Carmen Brenner Carmen Brenner Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Rachel Deplus Rachel Deplus Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Céline Didelot Céline Didelot Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Axelle Loriot Axelle Loriot Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research, UCL, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Emmanuelle Viré Emmanuelle Viré Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Charles De Smet Charles De Smet Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research, UCL, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Arantxa Gutierrez Arantxa Gutierrez ICREA and Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain Search for more papers by this author Davide Danovi Davide Danovi Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy Search for more papers by this author David Bernard David Bernard Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Thierry Boon Thierry Boon Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research, UCL, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Pier Giuseppe Pelicci Pier Giuseppe Pelicci Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy Search for more papers by this author Bruno Amati Bruno Amati Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy Search for more papers by this author Tony Kouzarides Tony Kouzarides Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Search for more papers by this author Yvan de Launoit Yvan de Launoit Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Brussels, Belgium UMR 8117, CNRS Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille 1, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, Cedex, France Search for more papers by this author Luciano Di Croce Luciano Di Croce ICREA and Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy Search for more papers by this author François Fuks Corresponding Author François Fuks Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Brussels, Belgium Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Search for more papers by this author Author Information Carmen Brenner1,‡, Rachel Deplus1,‡, Céline Didelot1,‡, Axelle Loriot2, Emmanuelle Viré1, Charles De Smet2, Arantxa Gutierrez3, Davide Danovi4, David Bernard1, Thierry Boon2, Pier Giuseppe Pelicci4, Bruno Amati4, Tony Kouzarides5, Yvan de Launoit1,6, Luciano Di Croce3,4 and François Fuks 1,5 1Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Brussels, Belgium 2Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research, UCL, Brussels, Belgium 3ICREA and Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain 4Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy 5Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 6UMR 8117, CNRS Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille 1, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, Cedex, France ‡These authors contributed equally to this work *Corresponding author. Free University of Brussels, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium. Tel.: +32 2 555 6243; Fax: +32 2 555 6257; E-mail: [email protected] The EMBO Journal (2005)24:336-346https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7600509 PDFDownload PDF of article text and main figures. ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyWechatReddit Figures & Info The Myc transcription factor is an essential mediator of cell growth and proliferation through its ability to both positively and negatively regulate transcription. The mechanisms by which Myc silences gene expression are not well understood. The current model is that Myc represses transcription through functional interference with transcriptional activators. Here we show that Myc binds the corepressor Dnmt3a and associates with DNA methyltransferase activity in vivo. In cells with reduced Dnmt3a levels, we observe specific reactivation of the Myc-repressed p21Cip1 gene, whereas the expression of Myc-activated E-boxes genes is unchanged. In addition, we find that Myc can target Dnmt3a selectively to the promoter of p21Cip1. Myc is known to be recruited to the p21Cip1 promoter by the DNA-binding factor Miz-1. Consistent with this, we observe that Myc and Dnmt3a form a ternary complex with Miz-1 and that this complex can corepress the p21Cip1 promoter. Finally, we show that DNA methylation is required for Myc-mediated repression of p21Cip1. Our data identify a new mechanism by which Myc can silence gene expression not only by passive functional interference but also by active recruitment of corepressor proteins. Furthermore, these findings suggest that targeting of DNA methyltransferases by transcription factors is a wide and general mechanism for the generation of specific DNA methylation patterns within a cell. Introduction The c-Myc (Myc) protein is an important regulator of many cellular processes, including growth, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis (Pelengaris et al, 2002). These diverse cellular functions of Myc are closely tied to its ability to both activate and repress transcription (Pelengaris et al, 2002). Transcriptional activation by Myc occurs via dimerization with its partner Max and direct binding to specific DNA sequences, termed E-boxes. Myc stimulates gene expression in part at the level of chromatin, through its association with the cofactor TRRAP, thereby recruiting histone acetyltransferases such as GCN5 and Tip60 (Amati et al, 2001; Levens, 2003). Myc directly binds and stimulates the expression of a very large population of E-boxes containing genes (Levens, 2003). In contrast to transcriptional activation by Myc, the mechanisms by which Myc silences gene expression are less well understood. An increasing number of target genes repressed by Myc have been identified, including the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21Cip1, p15Ink4b, p27Kip1 as well as genes involved in cellular differentiation and metabolism (Eisenman, 2001; Wanzel et al, 2003). Genes repressed by Myc do not seem to involve its direct association to DNA, but rather Myc is recruited to core promoters through protein–protein interactions with positively acting transcription factors, such as TFII-I (Roy et al, 1993), NF-Y (Izumi et al, 2001), and Miz-1 (Peukert et al, 1997). The current model for Myc-mediated gene silencing is that Myc associates with these activators and passively interferes with their transactivation function. The most convincingly demonstrated mechanism of functional interference by Myc is through its interaction with the Miz-1 transcription factor. Several studies have shown that Miz-1 binds and activates promoters of several genes, including p21Cip1 and p15Ink4b, and that transactivation by Miz-1 can be negatively regulated by its association with Myc (Seoane et al, 2001, 2002; Staller et al, 2001; Herold et al, 2002; van de Wetering et al, 2002). This is likely due, at least in part, because Myc competes with the coactivator p300 for binding to Miz-1 (Staller et al, 2001). In addition to functional interference with trancriptional activators, whether other mechanisms are involved in Myc-mediated gene silencing remains to be demonstrated. DNA methylation at CpG dinucleotides is the major epigenetic modification in mammals and is known to be associated with transcriptional repression. This gene-silencing function can be related to the essential role played by CpG methylation for normal mammalian development (Jaenisch and Bird, 2003). The occurrence of DNA methylation within the genome is not random, but rather patterns of methylation are generated that are gene and tissue specific (Bird, 2002). How are DNA methylation patterns established is still poorly understood. Mechanistic insights into that question have begun to come from the characterization of the enzymes—the DNA methyltransferases—that generate methylation patterns. Three active DNA CpG methyltransferases, Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b, have been identified in mammals (Bestor et al, 1988; Okano et al, 1998). Whereas Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b have been shown to be required for de novo methylation (Okano et al, 1998, 1999), Dnmt1 appears to function primarily as a maintenance methyltransferase, restoring methylated cytosines following DNA replication (Leonhardt et al, 1992). Several studies have shown that Dnmts can act as corepressors to silence gene expression, in part through their association with histone deacetylases (Fuks et al, 2000, 2001; Robertson et al, 2000; Bachman et al, 2001), that help maintain chromatin in a compacted and silent state. DNA methyltransferases have little intrinsic sequence specificity beyond CpG dinucleotide (Yoder et al, 1997), and therefore other parameters are likely to be required to target their enzymatic activities to preferred genomic loci. It has been proposed that Dnmts may be directed by alterations in the chromatin structure, whereby chromosomal regions would not be equally accessible to Dnmts (Bird, 2002; Burgers et al, 2002). Consistent with this notion, studies of two SNF2 family helicases, ATRX and Lsh2, have shown that mutants of these enzymes decrease CpG methylation (Gibbons et al, 2000; Dennis et al, 2001). In addition, findings in Neurospora, Arabidopsis and more recently in mammals have shown that histone methylation at Lys9 of H3, which is associated with gene silencing, facilitates DNA methylation (Tamaru and Selker, 2001; Jackson et al, 2002; Lehnertz et al, 2003). Thus, chromatin modification or remodelling proteins could be needed for recruitment of Dnmts to particular loci. Another explanation to account for the varying DNA methylation patterns could involve a CpG methylation-targeting mechanism steered by sequence-specific binding proteins. Evidence for this mechanism has come from recent work showing an association of Dnmts with the oncogenic transcription factor PML-RAR, which binds to the RARβ promoter and thereby recruits Dnmts to methylate and silence the targeted promoter (Di Croce et al, 2002). In the present study, we report that Myc silences transcription by recruiting a DNA methyltransferase corepressor. We found that Myc associates with the Dnmt3a enzyme and targets its activity, through the DNA-binding protein Miz-1, to the p21Cip1 promoter. Recruitment of Dnmt3a by Myc leads to methylation and silencing of the targeted p21Cip1 gene. These data define a previously unrecognized pathway for Myc-mediated repression. In addition, our work sheds light on the poorly understood mechanisms by which specific CpG methylation patterns are established by DNA methyltransferases. Results Myc interacts with the corepressor Dnmt3a and associates with DNA methyltransferase activity The mechanisms by which Myc silences gene expression remain unclear. Several studies indicate that Myc acts as a transcriptional repressor, at least in part, through its functional interference with transcriptional activators bound to different DNA sequences (Eisenman, 2001; Wanzel et al, 2003). In the present work, we considered whether Myc-mediated repression might in addition include an active mechanism involving the recruitment of corepressors. By means of an in vitro gluthatione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assay, we found that in vitro translated (IVT) and radiolabelled full-length Myc bound to the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a fused to GST (Figure 1A, left panel, lanes 4 and 5). Residues encompassing the conserved PHD-like motif of Dnmt3a were involved in the association with Myc (Figure 1A, left panel, lanes 4 and 5). In contrast, Myc failed to bind to the control GST alone or to the extreme N-terminal and C-terminal parts of Dnmt3a (Figure 1A, left panel, lanes 2, 3 and 6, respectively). We performed the reciprocal experiment using IVT full-length Dnmt3a and various GST fragments spanning the Myc protein. Figure 1A (right panel) shows that residues encompassing the conserved MBI and MBII domains of Myc contributed to its interaction with Dnmt3a. Figure 1.Myc binds the corepressor Dnmt3a and associates with DNA methyltransferase activity in vivo. (A) Representation of GST fusions of Dnmt3a (left panel) or Myc (right panel). The indicated GST fusions were tested in GST pull-down experiments using IVT full-length Dnmt3a (left) or Myc (right). (B) Myc coimmunoprecipitates with Dnmt3a. U2OS were transiently transfected as indicated (+) with expression vectors for HA-tagged Myc full-length and/or GAL4-tagged Dnmt3a full length. Left panel: cell extracts were precipitated with anti-GAL4 antibody and the presence of HA-Myc in the immunoprecipitates was visualized by Western blot analysis using anti-HA antibody. Right panel: anti-HA was used to immunoprecipitate HA-Myc and anti-GAL4 was used to immunoblot GAL4-Dnmt3a. Expression levels of the different proteins in the inputs were verified by Western blotting using anti-GAL4 or anti-HA antibodies (Input controls). (C) Myc coimmunoprecipitates with Dnmt3a from untransfected cells. Left panel: HeLa nuclear extracts were immunoprecipitated using anti-Dnmt3a, anti-CREB1 (used as negative control) or the beads only. Precipitated were blotted with anti-Myc antibody. Bottom: the presence of Dnmt3a or CREB1 in immunoprecipitates was visualized by Western blotting using anti-Dnmt3a or anti-CREB1, respectively. Right panel: reverse endogenous coimmunoprecipitation of Dnmt3a with Myc. (D) Endogenous Myc purifies DNA methyltransferase activity from nuclear extracts. HeLa nuclear extracts were immunoprecipitated with either a specific antibody against Myc (lane 2) or an irrelevant antibody (PLZF; lane 1). After washing, the immune complexes were tested for DNA methyltransferase activity. Activity is given as c.p.m. of radiolabelled methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]-methionine incorporated into an oligonucleotide substrate. (E) Myc-associated Dnmt activity is provided by Dnmt3a. DNA methyltransferase assay was performed as in (D) using immobilized-GST-Myc 1–204 and bacterially expressed and active Dnmt3a. Download figure Download PowerPoint To further validate the interaction between Myc and Dnmt3a, we used a coimmunoprecipitation approach. We cotransfected mammalian U2OS cells with vectors expressing full-length Myc tagged with HA and full-length Dnmt3a tagged with GAL4, and analyzed the cell lysates by immunoprecipitation using an antibody against GAL4 (for Dnmt3a), followed by Western blotting with an antibody against HA (for Myc). Figure 1B (left panel) indicates that Myc interacts with Dnmt3a (lane 1), whereas no precipitate was detected after transfection of either HA-Myc or GAL4-Dnmt3a alone (lanes 2 and 3, respectively). The reverse experiment, that is immunoprecipitation of HA-Myc followed by Western blotting for GAL4-Dnmt3a, also allowed specific association between the proteins (Figure 1B, right panel). The interaction between Myc and Dnmt3a can also be demonstrated in untransfected cells. In this experiment, an immunoprecipitate obtained with Dnmt3a-specific antibody was shown to contain Myc (Figure 1C, upper left panel, lane 1). As controls, no precipitation of Myc was observed using an unrelated CREB1 antibody (Figure 1C, upper left panel, lane 2). The presence of Dnmt3a or CREB1 in immunoprecipitates was visualized by Western blotting using anti-Dnmt3a or anti-CREB1, respectively (Figure 1C, bottom left panel). The reverse endogenous coimmunoprecipitation of Dnmt3a with Myc was also observed (Figure 1C, right panel). The binding of Myc to Dnmt3a led us to expect that Myc would be associated with DNA methyltransferase activity. To test this, we evaluated whether antibodies against Myc could immunoprecipitate DNA methyltransferase activity from untransfected cells. As shown in Figure 1D, immunoprecipitation of endogenous Myc from HeLa nuclear extracts with anti-Myc antibodies purified significant amount of DNA methyltransferase activity (lane 2), whereas control immunoprecipitation with antibodies against another nuclear protein (PLZF; lane 1) showed background activity. The Dnmt enzymatic activity bound to Myc is provided by Dnmt3a. Indeed, when Myc fused to GST was incubated with bacterially expressed and active Dnmt3a followed by Dnmt enzymatic assay, Myc associated with Dnmt3a methyltransferase activity (Figure 1E). The Myc-associated enzymatic activity could also be due to Dnmt3b but not to Dnmt1, since, using a coimmunoprecipitation approach, we found that Myc coimmunoprecipitated with Dnmt3b but not with Dnmt1 after cotransfection into mammalian cells (see Supplementary Figure 1). Taken together, these data indicate that endogenous Myc binds to the Dnmt3a enzyme and is associated with DNA methyltransferase activity in vivo. Dnmt3a specifically silences the Myc-repressed p21Cip1 gene As Dnmt3a functions as a transcriptional corepressor (Bachman et al, 2001; Fuks et al, 2001), we next investigated whether Dnmt3a could act together with Myc to silence gene expression. We chose the p21Cip1 gene as a Myc-inhibited gene because it is a bona fide Myc-repressed target (Coller et al, 2000; Herold et al, 2002; Seoane et al, 2002) and it is known that its expression can be downregulated by DNA methylation (Allan et al, 2000; Zhu et al, 2003). Figure 2A (left panel) shows that transient transfection of p21Cip1 promoter together with increasing amounts of Myc led to a dose-dependent inhibition of its promoter activity. While expression of limiting amounts of Myc or Dnmt3a repressed p21Cip1 activity only slightly (Figure 2A, right panel, lanes 2 and 3), cotransfection of Myc along with Dnmt3a provided a synergistic repressive effect on p21Cip1 transcription (lane 5). High expression of Myc alone (Figure 2A, left panel, lane 4) leads to similar level of p21Cip1 repression observed by cotransfection of Myc and Dnmt3a (Figure 2A, right panel, lane 5). Hence, it was possible that enhancement of Myc-mediated p21Cip1 silencing by Dnmt3a (Figure 2A, right panel, lane 5) was simply due to increased expression of Myc protein levels after cotransfection of Dnmt3a. However, this is not the case, as shown by Western blotting of Myc protein after transfection of either high or low levels of Myc, in the presence or absence of Dnmt3a (Figure 2A, bottom panel). Together, these results suggest that Dnmt3a can act as a corepressor with Myc on the p21Cip1 promoter. Figure 2.The Myc-repressed p21Cip1 gene is silenced by Dnmt3a in vivo. (A) Left panel: U2OS cells were transfected with the reporter construct p21Cip1 promoter-Luc together with increasing amounts of Myc full length (1–100 ng). The activity of the reporter in the absence of Myc is normalized to a value of 100. Right panel: Myc-mediated repression of p21Cip1 promoter is enhanced by Dnmt3a wild type. U2OS cells were transfected with the reporter p21Cip1 promoter-Luc together with combinations of limiting amount of expression vectors for Myc and Dnmt3a wild-type (Dnmt3a wt) or catalytic mutant (Dnmt3a mut). Bottom: Western blotting using anti-Myc shows that enhancement of Myc-mediated p21Cip1 silencing by Dnmt3a (Figure 2A, right panel, lane 5) is not simply due to increased expression of Myc protein levels after cotransfection of Dnmt3a. (B) Depletion of Dnmt3a from cells reactivates endogenous p21Cip1 expression. U2OS were treated either with Dnmt3a antisense inhibitor or with mismatch control. Left panel: Dnmt3a antisense specifically depletes Dnmt3a but not Dnmt1 or Dnmt3b. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of Dnmt3a mRNA is shown, as well as Western blotting of the Dnmts. Actin serves as a loading control for Western blotting. Right panel: mRNA expression of the indicated genes was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and normalized against that of β-actin. Expression of each mRNA with mismatch control was set to a value of 100. Error bars represent standard deviations. Statistical significant reactivation of p21Cip1 was observed with Dnmt3a antisense compared to control (*P<0.05). Download figure Download PowerPoint To establish whether endogenous Dnmt3a regulates the Myc-repressed p21Cip1 gene in vivo, we treated U2OS cells with a previously characterized Dnmt3a antisense oligonucleotide inhibitor (Robert et al, 2003). Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that messenger RNA (mRNA) Dnmt3a levels were markedly decreased in cells treated with Dnmt3a antisense compared to mismatch control (Figure 2B, left panel). Similarly, Western blot analysis after treatment with Dnmt3a antisense showed specific depletion of Dnmt3a protein levels, whereas Dnmt3b or Dnmt1 protein levels were not affected (Figure 2B, left panel). As shown in Figure 2B (right panel), p21Cip1 mRNA levels were significantly elevated in the cells with reduced Dnmt3a levels. In contrast, the expression levels of ODC and NM23-H2, two E-box genes that are activated by Myc (Bello-Fernandez et al, 1993; Schuhmacher et al, 2001), were unchanged. The expression of S26, which is not regulated by Myc, was also not affected. Together, these data demonstrate that Dnmt3a is a specific repressor of the Myc-repressed p21Cip1 gene in vivo. Myc targets Dnmt3a to the p21Cip1 promoter We next asked whether Dnmt3a could be recruited by Myc to p21Cip1. To test this, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments (ChIPs), first on cells transfected with either the p21Cip1 promoter, and Dnmt3a alone, or in combination with an expression vector for HA-tagged Myc. We used primers located within the p21Cip1 proximal promoter region as it is the region recognized by Myc (Herold et al, 2002; Seoane et al, 2002; van de Wetering et al, 2002). Figure 3A shows that, in the presence of overexpressed Myc, Dnmt3a can bind to p21Cip1 (lane 2), whereas in the absence of exogenous Myc, Dnmt3a did not bind to the p21Cip1 proximal promoter (lane 6). Figure 3.Myc recruits Dnmt3a to the p21Cip1 promoter. (A) ChIPs from overexpressed cells show that binding of Dnmt3a to the p21Cip1 promoter depends on Myc. 293 cells (one 6 cm dish) were transfected with p21Cip1 promoter-Luc and Dnmt3a in the presence (lanes 1–4) or absence of HA-tagged Myc (lanes 5–8). The crosslinked chromatin was then immunoprecipitated as indicated. (The irrelevant antibody is against GFP.) The purified DNA was then amplified by PCR. Note that given the low amount of transfected 293 cells used, endogenous Myc is not detectable on p21Cip1.(B) ChIPs in untransfected c-myc+/+ and c-myc−/− show Myc dependence for Dnmt3a recruitment to p21Cip1 promoter in vivo. Crosslinked chromatin from one 15 cm dish of c-myc+/+ (lanes 1–4) or c-myc−/− (lanes 5–8) were immunoprecipitated with the indicated antibodies (the irrelevant antibody was against HA) or the beads only. (C) ChIPs performed in c-myc+/+ cells show that Dnmt3a does not bind the Myc-activated E-box genes ODC and NM23-H2. Download figure Download PowerPoint The above-mentioned ChIP data were obtained in transfected cells and may be considered as an artificial system. Thus, we next determine whether recruitment of Dnmt3a by Myc could also be observed from untransfected cells. To this end, we tested in ChIP assays the well-characterized c-myc knockout rat fibroblasts (c-myc−/−) and their wild-type counterparts (c-myc+/+) (Mateyak et al, 1997). In c-myc+/+ cells, the p21Cip1 proximal promoter is bound by Dnmt3a (Figure 3B, lane 2). However, in c-myc−/− cells, Dnmt3a binding is significantly reduced (Figure 3B, lane 6). Similar ChIPs on the albumin promoter, to which Myc does not bind (Zeller et al, 2001), show no Dnmt3a binding (Figure 3B, lower panel). Consistent with data presented in Figure 2B, the Myc-activated E-box promoters, ODC and NM23-H2, associated with Myc in c-myc+/+ cells but not with Dnmt3a (Figure 3C). Collectively, these data strongly suggest that Myc targets Dnmt3a selectively to the p21Cip1 promoter. Myc and Dnmt3a corepress p21Cip1 promoter through association of Myc with Miz-1 Recent data indicated that Myc does not bind directly to the p21Cip1 proximal promoter but is recruited through its association with the DNA-binding protein Miz-1 (Herold et al, 2002; Seoane et al, 2002; van de Wetering et al, 2002). We therefore asked whether Miz-1 could be the factor that targets Myc and Dnmt3a to silence p21Cip1 expression. To test this idea, we first determined whether Dnmt3a can associate with Miz-1. As shown in Figure 4A, when Miz-1 and GAL4-tagged Dnmt3a expression vectors were transiently transfected in mammalian cells, we detected an interaction after immunoprecipitation with anti-GAL4 antibody, followed by Western blotting with an Miz-1-specific antibody. Dnmt3a also coimmunoprecipitated with Miz-1 in untransfected cells (Figure 4B). Further, immunoprecipitation of endogenous Miz-1 with anti-Miz-1 antibody purified significant DNA methyltransferase activity from HeLa nuclear extracts (Figure 4C, lane 2), whereas control immunoprecipitation using an irrelevant antibody (PLZF) gave background activity (Figure 4C, lane 1). These results indicate that Miz-1 can interact with the Dnmt3a DNA methyltransferase, consistent with its ability to associate with DNA methyltransferase activity in vivo. The Dnmt enzymatic activity bound to Miz-1 is provided by Dnmt3a (Figure 4F, see below) and also likely by Dnmt3b, but not Dnmt1. Indeed, coimmunoprecipitations after cotransfection into mammalian cells indicated that Miz-1 binds to Dnmt3b whereas Dnmt1 did not (see Supplementary Figure 2). Figure 4.Myc corepresses p21Cip1 promoter together with Dnmt3a through association with the DNA-binding protein Miz-1. (A) U2OS cells were transfected with GAL4-Dnmt3a and/or Miz-1. Cell extracts were then precipitated with anti-GAL4 antibody followed by Western blotting using a specific anti-Miz-1 antibody. Expression levels of the different proteins in the inputs were verified by Western blotting using anti-GAL4 or anti-HA antibodies (Input controls). (B) Miz-1 coimmunoprecipitates with Dnmt3a from untransfected cells. HeLa nuclear extracts were immunoprecipitated using anti-Dnmt3a, anti-CREB1 (used as negative control) or the beads only. Precipitated were blotted with a Miz-1 antibody. (C) Endogenous Miz-1 purif