Background & Aims: Interleukin (IL)-22, a member of the IL-10 subfamily, is a recently identified T-cell-derived cytokine. We investigated IL-22 expression in the inflamed mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and analyzed its biologic activities in human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts (SEMFs). Methods: Mucosal IL-22 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical procedures. The effects of IL-22 on colonic SEMFs were investigated by cDNA microarrays, Northern blots, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and electrophoretic gel mobility shift assays (EMSAs). Results: IL-22 was not detectable in normal colonic mucosa. In IBD mucosa, IL-22 expression was detectable in CD4-positive T cells. IL-22-positive cells were increased in ulcerative colitis and even more so in Crohn’s disease. IL-22 receptor expression colocalized with a marker of SEMFs. IL-22 did not modulate SEMF proliferation and collagen synthesis. cDNA microarray analyses demonstrated that, in colonic SEMFs, IL-22 increased the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, and leukemia inhibitory factor [LIF]), chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases. IL-22 induced an activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activating protein (AP)-1 within 1 hour, and a blockade of NF-κB and AP-1 activation markedly reduced IL-22 induction of IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, and LIF mRNA. MAP-kinase inhibitors (PD98059, U0216, and SB202190) significantly reduced IL-22 induction of cytokine secretion. The combination of either IL-17 plus IL-22 or IL-19 plus IL-22 additively up-regulated cytokine secretion. Conclusions: IL-22 derived from activated T cells acts on SEMFs to elicit expression of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix-degrading molecules indicating proinflammatory/remodeling roles in IBD. Background & Aims: Interleukin (IL)-22, a member of the IL-10 subfamily, is a recently identified T-cell-derived cytokine. We investigated IL-22 expression in the inflamed mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and analyzed its biologic activities in human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts (SEMFs). Methods: Mucosal IL-22 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical procedures. The effects of IL-22 on colonic SEMFs were investigated by cDNA microarrays, Northern blots, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and electrophoretic gel mobility shift assays (EMSAs). Results: IL-22 was not detectable in normal colonic mucosa. In IBD mucosa, IL-22 expression was detectable in CD4-positive T cells. IL-22-positive cells were increased in ulcerative colitis and even more so in Crohn’s disease. IL-22 receptor expression colocalized with a marker of SEMFs. IL-22 did not modulate SEMF proliferation and collagen synthesis. cDNA microarray analyses demonstrated that, in colonic SEMFs, IL-22 increased the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, and leukemia inhibitory factor [LIF]), chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases. IL-22 induced an activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activating protein (AP)-1 within 1 hour, and a blockade of NF-κB and AP-1 activation markedly reduced IL-22 induction of IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, and LIF mRNA. MAP-kinase inhibitors (PD98059, U0216, and SB202190) significantly reduced IL-22 induction of cytokine secretion. The combination of either IL-17 plus IL-22 or IL-19 plus IL-22 additively up-regulated cytokine secretion. Conclusions: IL-22 derived from activated T cells acts on SEMFs to elicit expression of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix-degrading molecules indicating proinflammatory/remodeling roles in IBD. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and Crohn’s disease (CD) are characterized by chronic inflammation in which a dysfunction of the host immunologic response against common antigens such as dietary factors and/or bacteria may be involved.1Podolsky D.K. Inflammatory bowel disease.N Engl J Med. 2002; 347: 417-429Crossref PubMed Scopus (3226) Google Scholar, 2Zareie M. Singh P.K. Irvine E.J. Sherman P.M. McKay D.M. Perdue M.H. Monocytes/macrophage activation by normal bacteria and bacterial products implications for altered epithelial function in Crohn’s disease.Am J Pathol. 2001; 158;: 1101-1109Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar, 3Boirivant M. Marini M. DiFelice G. Pronio A.M. Montesani C. Tersigni R. Strober W. 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IL-10 subfamily members IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26.Immunol Lett. 2003; 88: 171-174Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar Major sources of IL-22 are activated T cells, and IL-22 expression in other leukocyte populations such as monocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and neutrophils is negligible.5Wolk K. Kunz S. Witte E. Friedrich M. Asadullah K. Sabat R. IL-22 increases the innate immunity of tissues.Immunity. 2004; 21: 241-254Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1173) Google Scholar, 8Wolk K. Kunz S. Asadullah K. Sabat R. Immune cells as sources and targets of the IL-10 family members?.J Immunol. 2002; 168: 5397-5402PubMed Google Scholar, 9Gurney A.L. 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Identification of the functional interleukin-22 (IL-22) receptor complex the IL-10R2 chain (IL-10Rbeta) is a common chain of both the IL-10 and IL-22 (IL-10-related T-cell-derived inducible factor, IL-TIF) receptor complexes.J Biol Chem. 2001; 276: 2725-2732Crossref PubMed Scopus (364) Google Scholar The unique observation is that human immune cells such as T cells, B cells, monocytes, and NK cells lack IL-22R1 expression even under stimulated conditions,5Wolk K. Kunz S. Witte E. Friedrich M. Asadullah K. Sabat R. IL-22 increases the innate immunity of tissues.Immunity. 2004; 21: 241-254Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1173) Google Scholar, 6Pestka S. Krause C.D. Sarkar D. Walter M.R. Shi Y. Fisher P.B. Interleukin-10 and related cytokines and receptors.Annu Rev Immunol. 2004; 22: 929-979Crossref PubMed Scopus (966) Google Scholar although IL-10R2 is ubiquitously expressed in various cell types.5Wolk K. Kunz S. Witte E. Friedrich M. Asadullah K. Sabat R. IL-22 increases the innate immunity of tissues.Immunity. 2004; 21: 241-254Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1173) Google Scholar Lack of IL-22R1 is supported by findings that IL-22 failed to stimulate immune cell functions such as cytokine secretion and surface marker expression.5Wolk K. Kunz S. Witte E. Friedrich M. Asadullah K. Sabat R. IL-22 increases the innate immunity of tissues.Immunity. 2004; 21: 241-254Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1173) Google Scholar In contrast to immune cells, IL-22R1 is expressed in a limited number of tissues such as skin, liver, lung, kidney, and pancreas, whereas it is not detected in the bone marrow, thymus, and spleen.5Wolk K. Kunz S. Witte E. Friedrich M. Asadullah K. Sabat R. IL-22 increases the innate immunity of tissues.Immunity. 2004; 21: 241-254Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1173) Google Scholar, 6Pestka S. Krause C.D. Sarkar D. Walter M.R. Shi Y. Fisher P.B. Interleukin-10 and related cytokines and receptors.Annu Rev Immunol. 2004; 22: 929-979Crossref PubMed Scopus (966) Google Scholar, 7Conti P. Kempuraj D. Frydas S. Kandere K. Boucher W. Letourneau R. Madhappan B. Sagimoto K. Christodoulou S. Theoharides T.C. IL-10 subfamily members IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26.Immunol Lett. 2003; 88: 171-174Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar, 9Gurney A.L. IL-22, a Th1 cytokine that targets the pancreas and select other peripheral tissues.Int Immunopharmacol. 2004; 4: 669-677Crossref PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar The high impact for gastroenterologists is that IL-22R1 is strongly expressed in the small intestine and colon,5Wolk K. Kunz S. Witte E. Friedrich M. Asadullah K. Sabat R. IL-22 increases the innate immunity of tissues.Immunity. 2004; 21: 241-254Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1173) Google Scholar, 9Gurney A.L. IL-22, a Th1 cytokine that targets the pancreas and select other peripheral tissues.Int Immunopharmacol. 2004; 4: 669-677Crossref PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar suggesting that IL-22 plays a role in the pathogenesis of IBD. To date, little is known about the signaling pathways downstream of IL-22 stimulation and its biologic activities. In the pancreas, IL-22 induces a rapid increase in mRNA for pancreatitis-associated protein-1.11Aggarwal S. Xie M.H. Maruoka M. Foster J. Gurney A.L. Acinar cells of the pancreas are a target of interleukin-22.J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2001; 21: 1047-1053Crossref PubMed Scopus (152) Google Scholar IL-22 has been reported to activate Janus kinase (JAK)1, Tyk2, and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) as well as the major mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-kinases in rat hepatoma cell lines.12Lejeune D. Dumoutier L. Constantinescu S. Kruijer W. Schuringa J.J. Renauld J.C. 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Interleukin-22 activates STAT3 and induces IL-10 by colon epithelial cells.Int Immunopharmacol. 2004; 4: 679-691Crossref PubMed Scopus (174) Google Scholar Furthermore, as a sole report in nontransformed cells, IL-22 activates STAT3 and up-regulates β-defensin expression in human keratinocytes.5Wolk K. Kunz S. Witte E. Friedrich M. Asadullah K. Sabat R. IL-22 increases the innate immunity of tissues.Immunity. 2004; 21: 241-254Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1173) Google Scholar However, it remains unclear whether IL-22 activates transcription factors, nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activating protein (AP)-1, which play a major role in the induction of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine secretion. In this report, we investigated IL-22 expression in the inflamed mucosa of IBD patients. Furthermore, to characterize the biologic activities of IL-22 in colonic mucosa, we addressed the changes in mRNA expression in response to IL-22 in nontransformed human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts (SEMFs) by cDNA microarrays. Based on our findings, we found that IL-22 up-regulates the expression of inflammatory genes such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in colonic SEMFs via NF-κB, AP-1, and MAP-kinase-dependent pathways. Recombinant human IL-19, IL-20, and IL-22 were obtained from PeproTech (Rocky Hill, NJ), and IL-24 was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). All other reagents were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St Louis, MO). Inhibitors of p42/44 MAP kinases (PD98059 and U0216), an inhibitor for p38 MAPK (SB203580), and a JAK2 inhibitor (AG490) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA). The following primary antibodies were used in this study: goat anti-human IL-22 antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), monoclonal mouse anti-human CD3, CD4, or CD8 antibodies (Novocastra, Dossenheim, Germany), FITC-labeled anti-α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) antibodies (Sigma Chemical Co., St Lous, MO), monoclonal mouse anti-human type I and IV collagen α1 subunits antibodies (Sigma), rabbit anti-human IL-22R1 antibodies and blocking peptide (Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom), anti-MAP kinase and STAT3 antibodies (Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti-human JAK1 (Bio-Source, Camarillo, CA), and goat anti-human MMP-3, IκBα, or c-Jun antibodies (Santa Cruz). Diagnosis for UC and CD was based on conventional clinical, endoscopic, and histopathologic criteria. Surgically obtained or biopsied specimens from 18 patients with UC (10 male and 8 female, mean 32 years) and 20 patients with CD (12 male and 8 female, mean 28 years) were used with informed consent. The ethics committee of Shiga University of Medical Science approved this project. During sample collection, all patients were clinically and endoscopically active with colitis activity index for UC15Rachmilewitz D. Coated mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) versus sulphasalazine in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis a randomised trial.BMJ. 1989; 298: 82-86Crossref PubMed Scopus (992) Google Scholar and Crohn’s disease activity index.16Best W.R. Becktel J.M. Singleton J.W. Rederived values of the eight coefficients of the Crohn’s disease activity index (CDAI).Gastroenterology. 1979; 77: 843-846PubMed Scopus (519) Google Scholar Five UC and 4 CD patients received surgical operations because of resistance to medication or other complications (eg, massive bleeding, fistula formation, or perforation). Histologic examinations were performed in macroscopically and microscopically nonaffected (n = 15 in UC and n = 18 in CD) or affected (n = 18 in UC and n = 20 in CD) areas from each patient. All patients were treated with salicylates, and 12 of 18 UC and 10 of 20 CD patients received treatment with corticosteroids. Two UC patients were treated with azathioprine. Biopsy samples derived from infectious colitis (n = 8) were obtained by colonoscopy. Normal colorectal tissues were obtained by the surgical resection of colon cancer at distal tumor sites (n = 12). Immunohistochemical analyses were performed according to a method described in our previous report.17Fujino S. Andoh A. Bamba S. Ogawa A. Hata K. Araki Y. Bamba T. Fujiyama Y. Increased expression of interleukin 17 in inflammatory bowel disease.Gut. 2003; 52: 65-70Crossref PubMed Scopus (706) Google Scholar Briefly, goat polyclonal anti-human IL-22 antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) were used as the primary antibody. After incubation with the primary antibodies, the sections were treated with biotin-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Vector, Burlingame, CA) and avidin-biotin-peroxidase complexes (ABC; Vector). According to the method described by Middle et al,18Middel P. Reich K. Polzien F. Blaschke V. Hemmerlein B. Herms J. Korabiowska M. Radzum H.-J. Interleukin 16 expression and phenotype of interleukin 16 producing cells in Crohn’s disease.Gut. 2001; 49: 795-803Crossref PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar an evaluation of immunoreactivity was performed on sections for IL-22 by 2 blinded evaluators. Corresponding areas of sections were marked and high-power fields were counted at 400× magnification. The mean count from a total of 5 high-power fields per slide was used. For double-staining procedures with anti-IL-22 plus anti-CD3, CD4, or CD8 antibodies, anti-IL-22 antibodies (diluted 1:100) were applied and incubated overnight at 4°C in a humidified chamber. Subsequently, monoclonal mouse anti-human CD3, CD4, or CD8 antibodies (diluted 1:100 in PBS containing 5% skim milk; Novocastra) were applied and incubated overnight at 4°C. Rhodamine red-labeled anti-goat IgG (diluted 1:500 in PBS containing 1% skim milk and 0.1% Triton X-100; Rockland, Gilbertsville, PA) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled horse anti-mouse IgG (diluted 1:500; Vector) were applied for 60 minutes at room temperature. Images were obtained with a digital confocal laser scanning system MRC-600 (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Double staining for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and IL-22R1 was performed with FITC-labeled anti-α-SMA antibodies (Sigma Chemical Co.) and rabbit anti-human IL-22R1 antibodies (Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom). Rhodamine red-labeled anti-rabbit IgGs were used as second antibodies. Primary SEMF cultures were prepared according to a method reported by Mahida et al.19Mahida Y.R. Beltinger J. Marh S. Goke M. Gray T. Podolsky D.K. Hawkey C.J. Adult human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts express extracellular matrix proteins and cyclooxygenase-1 and -2.Am J Physiol. 1997; 273: G1341-G1348PubMed Google Scholar Samples from the human normal colonic mucosa were obtained from surgical specimens (>8 cm from the tumor margin) from patients undergoing a partial colectomy for carcinomas, with their informed consent. The cellular characteristics of these samples have been described in our previous reports.20Okuno T. Andoh A. Bamba S. Araki Y. Fujiyama Y. Fujiyama M. Bamba T. Interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α induce chemokine and matrix metalloproteinase gene expression in human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts.Scand J Gastroenterol. 2002; 37: 317-324Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar, 21Bamba S. Andoh A. Yasui H. Makino J. Kim S. Fujiyama Y. Regulation of IL-11 expression in intestinal myofibroblasts role of c-Jun AP-1- and MAPK-dependent pathways.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2003; 285: G529-G538Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar Cells were cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS. Culture media were supplemented with 50 U/mL penicillin and 50 μg/mL streptomycin. Studies were performed on passage 3–6 myofibroblasts isolated from 5 surgically resected samples. Antigenic IL-6, IL-8, and LIF in samples were quantitated by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits purchased from Bio-Source (Camarillo, CA). The IL-11 ELISA kit was purchased from R&D systems. The MMP-1 ELISA was purchased from Amersham (Arlington Heights, IL). IL-10R2 and IL-22R1 mRNA expression was assessed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses according to a method described in our previous report.22Andoh A. Fujiyama Y. Sumiyoshi K. Sakumoto H. Bamba T. 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Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction.Anal Biochem. 1987; 162: 156-159Crossref PubMed Scopus (65695) Google Scholar Northern blots were performed according to a method previously described.22Andoh A. Fujiyama Y. Sumiyoshi K. Sakumoto H. Bamba T. Interleukin 4 acts as an inducer of decay-accelerating factor gene expression in human intestinal epithelial cells.Gastroenterology. 1996; 111: 911-918Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar Hybridizations were performed with 32P-labeled human probes, generated by a random primed DNA-labeling kit (Amersham) and evaluated by autoradiography. Human IL-6, IL-8, and IL-11 cDNA probes were described in our previous reports.21Bamba S. Andoh A. Yasui H. Makino J. Kim S. Fujiyama Y. 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Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei.Nucleic Acids Res. 1983; 11: 1475-1489Crossref PubMed Scopus (10033) Google Scholar Consensus oligonucleotides for NF-κB (5′ AGTTGAGGGGACTTTCCCAGCC) and AP-1 (5′ CGCTTGATGAGTCAGCCGGAA) were purchased from Promega. The consensus binding sequence is underlined within each sequence. Oligonucleotides were 5′ end labeled with T4 polynucleotide kinase (Promega) and [γ-32P]ATP (Amersham). Binding reactions were performed according to previously described methods.27Shimada M. Andoh A. Hata K. Tasaki K. Araki Y. Fujiyama Y. Bamba T. IL-6 secretion by human pancreatic periacinar myofibroblasts in response to inflammatory mediators.J Immunol. 2002; 168: 861-868PubMed Google Scholar, 28Andoh A. Takaya H. Saotome T. Shimada M. Hata K. Araki Y. Nakamura F. Shintani Y. Fujiyama Y. Bamba T. Cytokine regulation of chemokine (IL-8, MCP-1, and RANTES) gene expression in human pancreatic periacinar myofibroblasts.Gastroenterology. 2000; 119: 211-219Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (153) Google Scholar The human IL-8 promoter region, which contains NF-κB and AP-1-binding motifs, was amplified by PCR using human genomic DNA as a template with the following primers29Dignam J.D. Lebovitz R.M. Roeder R.G. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei.Nucleic Acids Res. 1983; 11: 1475-1489Crossref PubMed Scopus (10033) Google Scholar (Gene bank accession No. M28130) IL-8 (−143), AACAGATCTGA-AGTGTGATGACTCAGG; IL-8 (+55), CTTAAGCTTGAAGCTTGTGTGCTCTGC. The 5′ sequence of IL-8 (−143) was modified for a BglII restriction site (underlined), and the 5′ region of IL-8 (+66) was modified for a HindIII restriction site (underlined), respectively. These were ligated into BglII-HindIII sites of the luciferase reporter plasmids pGL3-Basic (Promega) to yield reporter constructs. Cloned inserts were sequences with an autosequencer. A reporter construct for the human IL-6 promoter was described in our previous report.31Andoh A. Shimada M. Bamba S. Okuno T. Araki Y. Fujiyama Y. Bamba T. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 participate in interleukin-17 plus tumor necrosis factor-α-induced stabilization of interleukin-6 mRNA in human pancreatic myofibroblasts.Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002; 1591: 69-74Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar Transient transfections were performed using Lipofectamine Plus reagent (GIBCO BRL) according to the manufacture’s protocol. Twenty hours prior to transfection, 1 × 105 cells were plated in triplicate in 35-mm wells of a 6-well plate. For each well, 1 μg plasmid DNA and 0.2 μg β-galactosidase reporter vector pCMVβ (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) were cotransfected and incubated for 24 hours. Next, the medium was changed, and cells were incubated in the presence of stimuli further for an additional 6 hours. Luciferase activity was measured by the Luciferase Assay System Kit (Promega) and expressed as relative activity normalized for β-galactosidase activity. The total cellular RNA (4 μg) extracted from human colonic SEMFs was converted to double-strand cDNA with a double-strand cDNA synthesis kit (Invitrogen) and oligo(dT) primers containing a T7 RNA polymerase promoter (Takara-Bio, Kyoto, Japan). Cy3- and Cy5-labeled cRNA were generated from cDNA samples by in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase (Takara-Bio). Samples obtained