Background & Aims: Reports of complications among adult right hepatic lobe donors have been limited to single centers. The rate and severity of complications in living donors were investigated in the 9-center Adult-to-Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study (A2ALL). Methods: A retrospective observational study design was used. Participants included all potential living donors evaluated between 1998 and 2003. Complication severity was graded using the Clavien scoring system. Results: Of 405 donors accepted for donation, 393 underwent donation, and 12 procedures were aborted. There were 245 donors (62%) who did not experience complications; 82 (21%) had 1 complication, and 66 (17%) had 2 or more. Complications were scored as grade 1 (minor; n = 106, 27%), grade 2 (potentially life threatening; n = 103, 26%), grade 3 (life threatening; n = 8, 2%), and grade 4 (leading to death; n = 3, 0.8%). Common complications included biliary leaks beyond postoperative day 7 (n = 36, 9%), bacterial infections (n = 49, 12%), incisional hernia (n = 22, 6%), pleural effusion requiring intervention (n = 21, 5%), neuropraxia (n = 16, 4%), reexploration (n = 12, 3%), wound infections (n = 12, 3%), and intraabdominal abscess (n = 9, 2%). Two donors developed portal vein thrombosis, and 1 had inferior vena caval thrombosis. Fifty-one (13%) donors required hospital readmission, and 14 (4%) required 2 to 5 readmissions. Conclusions: Adult living liver donation was associated with significant donor complications. Although most complications were of low-grade severity, a significant proportion were severe or life threatening. Quantification of complication risk may improve the informed consent process, perioperative planning, and donor care. Background & Aims: Reports of complications among adult right hepatic lobe donors have been limited to single centers. The rate and severity of complications in living donors were investigated in the 9-center Adult-to-Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study (A2ALL). Methods: A retrospective observational study design was used. Participants included all potential living donors evaluated between 1998 and 2003. Complication severity was graded using the Clavien scoring system. Results: Of 405 donors accepted for donation, 393 underwent donation, and 12 procedures were aborted. There were 245 donors (62%) who did not experience complications; 82 (21%) had 1 complication, and 66 (17%) had 2 or more. Complications were scored as grade 1 (minor; n = 106, 27%), grade 2 (potentially life threatening; n = 103, 26%), grade 3 (life threatening; n = 8, 2%), and grade 4 (leading to death; n = 3, 0.8%). Common complications included biliary leaks beyond postoperative day 7 (n = 36, 9%), bacterial infections (n = 49, 12%), incisional hernia (n = 22, 6%), pleural effusion requiring intervention (n = 21, 5%), neuropraxia (n = 16, 4%), reexploration (n = 12, 3%), wound infections (n = 12, 3%), and intraabdominal abscess (n = 9, 2%). Two donors developed portal vein thrombosis, and 1 had inferior vena caval thrombosis. Fifty-one (13%) donors required hospital readmission, and 14 (4%) required 2 to 5 readmissions. Conclusions: Adult living liver donation was associated with significant donor complications. Although most complications were of low-grade severity, a significant proportion were severe or life threatening. Quantification of complication risk may improve the informed consent process, perioperative planning, and donor care. The rising demand for orthotopic liver transplantation in the United States has continued to outpace the availability of deceased donor organs.12006 Annual Report of the U.S. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and the Scientific Registry for Transplant Recipients: Transplant Data 1996-2005: Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Office of Special Programs, Division of Transplantation, Rockville, MD; United Network for Organ Sharing, Richmond, VA; Arbor Research Collaborative for Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 2007.Google Scholar Efforts to increase deceased liver donation have seen only modest successes. Rising rates of death on the waiting list led to the use of more innovative and risky approaches to transplantation, including reduced size and split liver organs and, more recently, living donors.2Bismuth H. Houssin D. Reduced-sized orthotopic liver graft in hepatic transplantation in children.Surgery. 1984; 95: 367-370PubMed Google Scholar, 3Pichlmayr R. Ringe B. Gubernatis G. et al.Transplantation of a donor liver to 2 recipients (splitting transplantation)—a new method in the further development of segmental liver transplantation.Langenbecks Archiv fur Chirurgie. 1988; 373: 127-130Crossref PubMed Scopus (455) Google Scholar, 4Ghobrial R.M. Yersiz H. Farmer D. et al.Predictors of survival after in vivo split liver transplantation: analysis of 110 consecutive cases.Ann Surg. 2000; 232: 312-323Crossref PubMed Scopus (113) Google Scholar, 5Roberts J.P. Hulbert-Shearon T.E. Merion R.M. et al.Influence of graft type on outcomes after pediatric liver transplantation.Am J Transpl. 2004; 4: 373-377Crossref PubMed Scopus (95) Google Scholar, 6Hashikura Y. Makuuchi M. Kawasaki S. et al.Successful living related partial liver transplantation to an adult patient.Lancet. 1994; 43: 1233-1234Abstract Scopus (321) Google Scholar, 7Wachs M. Bak T. Karrer F. et al.Adult living donor liver transplantation using a right hepatic lobe.Transplantation. 1998; 66: 1313-1316Crossref PubMed Scopus (283) Google Scholar Although potentially lifesaving for the recipient, living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is a unique surgical procedure that subjects a healthy donor to a major surgical procedure without direct therapeutic benefits.8Cotler S.J. McNutt R. Patil R. et al.Adult living donor liver transplant: preferences outside the medical community.Liver Transpl. 2001; 7: 335-340Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar This procedure is distinguished by the “double equipoise” that is imposed on both the donor and the recipient.9Cronin II, D.C. Millis J.M. Siegler M. Transplantation of liver grafts from living donors into adults—too much, too soon.N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1633-1637Crossref PubMed Scopus (186) Google Scholar LDLT was initially used in pediatric transplantation, employing left lobe or left lateral segment donation usually from an adult parent to his or her infant or small child.5Roberts J.P. Hulbert-Shearon T.E. Merion R.M. et al.Influence of graft type on outcomes after pediatric liver transplantation.Am J Transpl. 2004; 4: 373-377Crossref PubMed Scopus (95) Google Scholar The ethics of exposing a healthy person to a risky surgical procedure in this situation was tempered by the relatively low rate of serious complications of left lobe or lateral segment resection and the emotional and personal benefits to a parent who makes a sacrifice for the health of his or her child. Adult-to-adult LDLT was introduced almost a decade after LDLT for children and immediately increased concerns over donor safety. Adult-to-adult LDLT requires right or left lobe resection (∼30%–60% of the total liver mass) and usually depends on donation from a spouse or adult relative. The initial reports of high recipient successes and low donor morbidity rates10Marcos A. Fisher R. Ham J. et al.Right lobe living donor liver transplantation.Transplantation. 1999; 68: 798-803Crossref PubMed Scopus (360) Google Scholar, 11Marcos A. Ham J. Fisher R. et al.Single-center analysis of the first 40 adult-to-adult living donor liver transplants using the right lobe.Liver Transpl. 2000; 6: 296-301Crossref PubMed Scopus (264) Google Scholar led to rapid expansion of adult-to-adult LDLT, and, by 2001, this procedure accounted for more that 400 transplantations (∼10% of all adult liver transplantations done in the United States that year). However, following a well-publicized donor death in 2002,12Miller C. Florman S. Kim-Schluger L. et al.Fulminant and fatal gas gangrene of the stomach in a healthy live liver donor.Liver Transpl. 2004; 10: 1315-1319Crossref PubMed Scopus (128) Google Scholar rates of adult-to-adult LDLT declined precipitously and have remained in the range of 250–300 per year subsequently. A major reassessment of the risks of right lobe liver donation has led to a more cautious approach to the use of this procedure. Unfortunately, despite almost 10 years of experience with adult-to-adult LDLT in the United States, the risks of right lobe liver donation have not been well characterized. Most reports of complications of adult-to-adult LDLT are based on single transplant program experience. The rates of complications in these single center publications ranged from as low as 9% to as high as 67%.11Marcos A. Ham J. Fisher R. et al.Single-center analysis of the first 40 adult-to-adult living donor liver transplants using the right lobe.Liver Transpl. 2000; 6: 296-301Crossref PubMed Scopus (264) Google Scholar, 13Miller C.M. Gondolesi G.E. Florman S. et al.One hundred nine live donor liver transplants in adults and children: a single-center experience.Ann Surg. 2001; 3: 301-312Crossref Scopus (290) Google Scholar, 14Grewal H.P. Shokouh-Amiri H. Vera S. et al.Surgical technique for right lobe adult living donor liver transplantation without venovenous bypass or portocaval shunting with duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction.Ann Surg. 2001; 233: 502-508Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar, 15Pomfret E.A. Pomposelli J.J. Lewis D. et al.Live donor adult liver transplantation using right lobe grafts.Arch Surg. 2001; 136: 425-433Crossref PubMed Scopus (137) Google Scholar, 16Trotter J.F. Talamantes M. McClure M. et al.Right hepatic lobe donation for living donor liver transplantation: impact on donor quality of life.Liver Transpl. 2001; 7: 485-493Crossref PubMed Scopus (210) Google Scholar, 17Beavers K.L. Sandler R.S. Fair J.H. et al.The living donor experience: donor health asessment and outcomes following living donor transplantation.Liver Transpl. 2001; 7: 943-947Crossref PubMed Scopus (139) Google Scholar, 18Ghobrial R.M. Saab S. Lassman C. et al.Donor and recipient outcomes in right lobe adult living donor liver transplantation.Liver Transpl. 2002; 8: 901-909Crossref PubMed Scopus (107) Google Scholar, 19Ibrahim S. Chen C.L. Lin C.C. et al.Intraoperative blood loss is a risk factor for complications in donors after living donor hepatectomy.Liver Transpl. 2006; 12: 950-957Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar, 20Renz J.F. Busuttil R.W. Adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation: a critical analysis.Sem Liver Dis. 2000; 20: 411-424Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar, 21Beavers K.L. Sandler R.S. Shrestha R. Donor morbidity associated with right lobectomy for living donor liver transplantation to adult recipients: a systematic review.Liver Transpl. 2002; 8: 110-117Crossref PubMed Scopus (193) Google Scholar In a national survey from North America, the overall donor complication rate was reported to be only 10%.22Brown Jr, R.S. Russo M.W. Lai M. et al.A survey of liver transplantation from living adult donors in the United States.N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 818-825Crossref PubMed Scopus (453) Google Scholar The lack of uniformity in defining complications and underreporting of technical complications, blood and blood product transfusions, and aborted donations all contribute to the lack of firm information about the risks of right lobe liver donation. The Adult-to-Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation (A2ALL) Cohort Study was initiated in 2002 as a cooperative research agreement funded by National Institutes of Health with 9 liver transplant centers and a data coordinating center. The A2ALL Study was developed with the specific aim of providing accurate information on the risks and benefits of adult-to-adult LDLT for both donors and recipients. Retrospective and prospective studies were initiated. For assessing complications, the uniform reporting of adverse outcomes of surgery proposed by Clavien et al23Clavien P.A. Sanabria J.R. Strasberg S. Proposed classification of complications of surgery with examples of utility in cholecystectomy.Surgery. 1992; 111: 518-526PubMed Google Scholar, 24Clavien P.A. Sanabria J.R. Mentha G. et al.Recent results of elective open cholecystectomy in a North American and a European center.Ann Surg. 1992; 216: 618-626Crossref PubMed Scopus (114) Google Scholar was adopted. This classification and severity scoring system (Table 1) defined complications as unexpected events that were not inherent to the procedure. Originally developed for general surgical procedures, this system has been widely adopted in liver transplantation25Clavien P.A. Camargo C.A. Croxford R. et al.Definition and classification of negative outcomes in solid organ transplantation: application in liver transplantation.Ann Surg. 1994; 220: 109-120Crossref PubMed Scopus (295) Google Scholar for standardization of reporting of complication rates for both donors and recipients. The current report analyzed complication rates among adult LDLT donors from the 9 transplant centers based on the A2ALL retrospective cohort.Table 1Clavien System for Classification of Negative Outcomes in General Surgery and Solid Organ TransplantationGrade 1Any alteration from the ideal postoperative course, with complete recovery or which can be easily controlled and which fulfills the following general characteristics: (a) Not life threatening; (b) not requiring use of drugs other than immunosuppressants; analgesics; antipyretics; antiinflammatory agents; antiemetics; drugs required for urinary retention or lower urinary tract infection, arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or transient hyperglycemia; (c) requiring only therapeutic procedures that can be performed at the bedside; (d) postoperative bleeding requiring ≤3 units of blood transfusion; and (e) never associated with a prolongation of intensive care unit stay or total hospital stay to more than twice the median stay for the procedure in the population of the study.Grade 2Any complication that is potentially life threatening or results in intensive care unit stay >5 days, hospital stay >4 weeks for the recipient, but which does not result in residual disability or persistent diseaseGrade 3Any complication with residual or lasting functional disability or development of malignant diseaseGrade 4Complications that lead to retransplantation (grade 4a) or death (grade 4b)NOTE. Adapted from references Brown et al22Brown Jr, R.S. Russo M.W. Lai M. et al.A survey of liver transplantation from living adult donors in the United States.N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 818-825Crossref PubMed Scopus (453) Google Scholar and Clavien et al.23Clavien P.A. Sanabria J.R. Strasberg S. Proposed classification of complications of surgery with examples of utility in cholecystectomy.Surgery. 1992; 111: 518-526PubMed Google Scholar, 24Clavien P.A. Sanabria J.R. Mentha G. et al.Recent results of elective open cholecystectomy in a North American and a European center.Ann Surg. 1992; 216: 618-626Crossref PubMed Scopus (114) Google Scholar Open table in a new tab NOTE. Adapted from references Brown et al22Brown Jr, R.S. Russo M.W. Lai M. et al.A survey of liver transplantation from living adult donors in the United States.N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 818-825Crossref PubMed Scopus (453) Google Scholar and Clavien et al.23Clavien P.A. Sanabria J.R. Strasberg S. Proposed classification of complications of surgery with examples of utility in cholecystectomy.Surgery. 1992; 111: 518-526PubMed Google Scholar, 24Clavien P.A. Sanabria J.R. Mentha G. et al.Recent results of elective open cholecystectomy in a North American and a European center.Ann Surg. 1992; 216: 618-626Crossref PubMed Scopus (114) Google Scholar A full description of the donor evaluation process has recently been reported.26Trotter J.F. Wisniewski K.A. Terrault N.A. et al.Outcomes of donor evaluation in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation.Hepatology. 2007; 46: 1476-1484Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar Data were collected on all potential living liver donors who were evaluated between January 1, 1998, and February 28, 2003, at 9 US centers using a uniform comprehensive medical record review process. Of 1011 potential donors evaluated, 405 were accepted and went to the operating room with the intention to donate. There were 392 completed adult LDLT donations. Twelve procedures were aborted after the donor entered the operating room but prior to liver resection, and the resected right hepatic lobe of 1 additional donor was not transplanted into the intended recipient because of intraoperative death of the recipient. The median follow-up was 6 months (range, 5 days to 5.6 years). A structured data collection form based on the Clavien grading system was applied to the donation and postdonation experience of each donor. An electronic data entry system was used by the study coordinators at each site. Clavien severity scoring of complications was performed at the data coordinating center based on information provided by the sites. Complications among donors whose procedures were completed were evaluated and graded where applicable. The intraoperative experiences and the complications of the donors with aborted procedures were examined and reported separately. Intraoperative hypotension, defined as systolic blood pressure ≤100 mm Hg, was not considered a complication because several of the participating centers purposefully allowed low blood pressures during the time of liver resection. On medical record/chart review, we were not able to determine whether the blood pressure was purposefully lowered or whether it was an inadvertent occurrence. However, hypotension was tested as a predictive covariate in statistical models associated with donor complications. Residual left lobe weight according to preoperative imaging was used as an estimate of remnant liver volume where available. As an alternative, standard liver volume (SLV)*0.4 was used, based on excellent correlation between graft size and the formula estimate among cases in which both have been measured.27Heinemann A. Wischhusen F. Puschel K. et al.Standard liver volume in the Caucasian population.Liver Transpl Surg. 1999; 5: 366-368Crossref PubMed Scopus (196) Google Scholar For each center's LDLT procedures, a sequential case number was assigned to each adult-to-adult LDLT performed. Each adult-to-adult LDLT was then categorized as having occurred when the center was less experienced or more experienced based on case numbers ≤20 or >20, respectively.28Olthoff K.M. Merion R.M. Ghobrial R.M. et al.Outcomes of 385 adult-to-adult living donor liver transplant reciopients.Ann Surg. 2005; 242: 314-325PubMed Google Scholar Descriptive statistics are reported as ranges, means, standard deviations (SD), and proportions as appropriate. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate the probability of rehospitalization after donation. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of predictive variables with overall donor complications and with biliary complications. Results are presented as adjusted odds ratios. The covariates that were tested in both models included donor sex, age, race, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, donor relationship to recipient, evaluation year, transplant center, LDLT case number, center LDLT experience (more experience or less experience), number of bile ducts from the right lobe, intraoperative hypotension (yes/no), intraoperative blood transfusions, remnant liver size, and total duration of the donor operative procedure. All analyses were carried out using SAS 9.1 statistical software (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC). The study was approved by the institutional review boards and privacy boards of the University of Michigan Data Coordinating Center and each of the 9 A2ALL transplant centers. The characteristics of the 405 adults accepted for liver donation are shown in Table 2. All donors were adults below the age of 60 years. They were mainly non-Hispanic whites, and slightly over half were male. Sixty percent of donors were overweight or obese, the average BMI being 26 (kg/m2). Two thirds of donors were biologically related to the recipient; adult sons and daughters were the most frequent relationships.Table 2Characteristics of Accepted Adult Living Liver DonorsCharacteristicNRangeMean (SD) or percentAge, y40418–5937 (9.6)Sex Female18245 Male22355Ethnicity Hispanic/Latino6817 Non-Hispanic/non-Latino33583 Missing21Race White36690 African American154 Asian133 Other92 Missing21Height (cm)397150–203173 (10.0)Weight (kg)40243–14178 (15.0)Body mass index (kg/m2)39717–4326 (3.9) <20195 ≥20 to <2513634 ≥25 to <3018245 ≥306015 Missing82Relatedness to recipient Biologically related Parent92 Child13934 Sibling9223 Other biological359 Not biologically related Spouse5113 Other nonbiological7819 Unknown/missing1<1Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L)40321–19774 (26) ≤5810225 >58 to ≤6910326 >69 to ≤869824 >86 to ≤19710025Bilirubin (IU/L)4030.1–2.80.72 (0.4) ≤0.513433 >0.5 to ≤0.712331 >0.7 to ≤0.97017 >0.9 to ≤2.87619NOTE. N = 405. Accepted donors were the donors who were accepted for liver donation and went to the operating room with the intention to donate. Open table in a new tab NOTE. N = 405. Accepted donors were the donors who were accepted for liver donation and went to the operating room with the intention to donate. A total of 13 of the 405 donor operations were aborted after arrival in the operating room. One potential donor declined donation in the operating room prior to induction of general anesthesia. In 1 case, the resection was completed, but the graft was not transplanted because of the intraoperative death of the recipient. Another donor underwent surgery with division of the parenchyma, but further division of bile ducts and vasculature was aborted because the intended recipient became unstable. In the remaining 10 donor procedures, an incision was made, but the donor liver was not divided: in 4 instances, the liver was judged to be of poor quality because of steatosis, granulomas, or unspecified inadequacies; in 3 instances there were dense adhesions or small, aberrant bile ducts; and, in 3 instances, the discovery of intraoperative findings in the recipient contraindicated transplantation. There was no significant difference in the BMI between aborted and actual donors (mean, 28.5; range, 21.3–43.4 vs mean, 26.2; range, 17.4–41, respectively; P = .09). Morbidity among the 12 aborted donations included 2 grade 1 complications and 1 intraoperative systolic blood pressure of <100 mm Hg. In addition, the donor who underwent division of the parenchyma suffered a grade 2 complication because of bile leak, bacterial infection, and localized intraabdominal abscess. All donor complications after aborted donations were known to have resolved without permanent sequelae at the last follow-up. Intraoperative features are shown in Table 3 for the 393 donors whose resection procedures were completed. The average remnant liver weight was 582 g (range, 180–1152 g). The operative time was available on 84% of donors and averaged 7.6 hours (range, 4–15.5 hours). Approximately one third of donors required blood transfusion, and, among these, most received 1 or 2 units of packed red blood cells. The high occurrence of systolic hypotension (22%) reflected in part a decision to permit low intraoperative systemic blood pressure at some of the A2ALL transplant centers.Table 3Intraoperative and Postoperative Characteristics of DonorsCharacteristicNRangeMean (SD) or percentRemnant liver weight (g)aLeft lobe weight was obtained from preoperative imaging (69%) or 0.4 × donor standard liver volume (30%) and was missing in 1%.388180–1152582 (156) ≥180 to ≤4809825 >480 to ≤5829925 >582 to ≤6819524 >681 to ≤11529624Units of transfused blood3870–40.4 (0.8) 026768 >0 to ≤18421 >1 to ≤2267 >2 to ≤362 >3 to ≤441Hypotension (<100 mm Hg systolic) Yes8822 No28873 Missing174Operative time (min)329236–930458 (133) ≥236 to ≤3588325 >358 to ≤4248225 >424 to ≤5578225 >557 to ≤9308225NOTE. N = 393. Donors who successfully donated (n = 392) and those with graft resected but not transplanted (n = 1).a Left lobe weight was obtained from preoperative imaging (69%) or 0.4 × donor standard liver volume (30%) and was missing in 1%. Open table in a new tab NOTE. N = 393. Donors who successfully donated (n = 392) and those with graft resected but not transplanted (n = 1). The average length of hospital stay for donation surgery was 7 days (range, 2–28 days), and half of the donors were hospitalized for at least 7 days (Table 4). After discharge, 51 donors (13%) were rehospitalized at least once and 14 (4%) on more than 1 occasion. Among 51 first rehospitalizations, two-thirds occurred within 90 days of the donation (Figure 1), and only 2 occurred more than 2 years (2.9 and 4.6 years) after donation. According to Kaplan–Meier analysis, the probabilities of rehospitalization were 10% and 23% at 3 months and 2 years postdonation, respectively.Table 4Initial and Subsequent Hospitalizations of DonorsNRangeMean (SD) or percentInitial donor hospitalization length of stay (day)3912–287.0 (2.7) ≥2 to <69825 ≥6 to <79023 ≥7 to <89123 ≥8 to ≤2811228No. of rehospitalizations 034287 1379 282 3−562NOTE. N = 393. Donors who successfully donated (n = 392) and those with graft resected but not transplanted (n = 1). Open table in a new tab NOTE. N = 393. Donors who successfully donated (n = 392) and those with graft resected but not transplanted (n = 1). The majority of donors (n = 245; 62%) did not suffer any complications, defined by the Clavien classification as any alteration from the ideal postoperative course with complete recovery. However, 148 donors (38%) had a total of 220 complications (Table 5). Eighty-two donors (21%) had 1 complication, 40 (10.2%) had 2 complications, 16 (4.1%) had 3 complications, and 10 (2.6%) had 4 to 7 complications.Table 5Type and Severity of Complications of Donors With Nonaborted Procedure According to Clavien GradeComplicationNo. donorsPercent donorsGrade 1Grade 2Grade 3Grade 4Intraoperative Intraoperative injuryaThese complications are not graded.41.0 Intraoperative other complicationsaThese complications are not graded.61.5Biliary Bile leakbBile leaks were defined as persistent bilious drainage beyond 7 days postdonation surgery or a diagnosis of intraabdominal bile collection./biloma369.213221 Biliary stricturecBile strictures were defined as narrowing of bile ducts based on radiographic assessment.20.511Abdominal Intraabdominal bleeding41.022 Upper/lower GI bleeding20.52 Intraabdominal abscesses92.3261 Ileus82.071 Bowel obstruction51.332 Incisional hernia225.62164 Wound dehiscence10.31 Unplanned reexploration123.1111 Complications during surgical reexplorationaThese complications are not graded.20.5Cardiopulmonary Pneumothorax30.821 Pleural effusion215.3183 Pulmonary edema51.341 Aspiration10.31 Pulmonary embolism20.52Hepatic Ascites30.83 Liver failure00.0 Hepatic artery thrombosis00.0 Portal vein thrombosis20.511 Inferior vena cava thrombosis10.31Other Deep vein thrombosis00.0 Neuropraxia164.11222Infections (donors may have more than 1 infection)4912.518301 BacterialaThese complications are not graded.4912.5 ViralaThese complications are not graded.20.5 FungalaThese complications are not graded.10.3Psychologic difficulties164.11222Total10610383NOTE. N = 393. Donors who successfully donated (n = 392) and those with graft resected but not transplanted (n = 1). See Table 1 for Clavien grade. Type and severity of complications include both intraoperative and postoperative.a These complications are not graded.b Bile leaks were defined as persistent bilious drainage beyond 7 days postdonation surgery or a diagnosis of intraabdominal bile collection.c Bile strictures were defined as narrowing of bile ducts based on radiographic assessment. Open table in a new tab NOTE. N = 393. Donors who successfully donated (n = 392) and those with graft resected but not transplanted (n = 1). See Table 1 for Clavien grade. Type and severity of complications include both intraoperative and postoperative. Approximately half of the complications were classified as grade 1 (minor, n = 106; 48%) and half as grade 2 (no lasting disability, n = 103; 47%). There were 8 grade 3 (lasting disability) and 3 grade 4 (death) complications. One patient died from infection and multiorgan system failure during the initial donation hospitalization, and the other 2 died more than a year after donation from drug overdose and suicide, respectively. A fourth death, which did not relate to a graded complication, was the result of a train accident. These deaths have been described in detail elsewhere.29Trotter J.F. Adam R. Lo C.M. et al.Documented deaths of hepatic lobe donors for living donor liver transplantation.Liver Transpl. 2006; 12: 1485-1488Crossref PubMed Scopus (190) Google Scholar Forty-six percent of all complications and 45% of grade 3 or 4 complications occurred during the initial hospitalization. For the 5 donors with grade 3 or 4 complications during the initial hospitalization, the mean length of that hospitalization was 12.8 days (range, 7–22 days). Intraoperative complications occurred in 10 donors (2.5%). Reported intraoperative injuries included lacerations of the right hepatic vein and left portal vein and tears to the liver capsule. Other intraoperative complications, in 5 separate donors, included intraabdominal bleedin