Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE), a member of the TNF family expressed on activated T-cells, bone marrow stromal cells, and osteoblasts, regulates the function of dendritic cells (DC) and osteoclasts. The TRANCE receptor (TRANCE-R), recently identified as receptor activator of NF-κβ (RANK), activates NF-κB, a transcription factor critical in the differentiation and activation of those cells. In this report we identify the TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family of signal transducers as important components of TRANCE-R-mediated NF-κB activation. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments suggested potential interactions between the cytoplasmic tail of TRANCE-R with TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF5, and TRAF6. Dominant negative forms of TRAF2, TRAF5, and TRAF6 and an endogenous inhibitor of TRAF2, TRAF-interacting protein (TRIP), substantially inhibited TRANCE-R-mediated NF-κB activation, suggesting a role of TRAFs in regulating DC and osteoclast function. Overexpression of combinations of TRAF dominant negative proteins revealed competition between TRAF proteins for the TRANCE-R and the possibility of a TRAF-independent NF-κB pathway. Analysis of TRANCE-R deletion mutants suggested that the TRAF2 and TRAF5 interaction sites were restricted to the C-terminal 93 amino acids (C-region). TRAF6 also complexed to the C-region in addition to several regions N-terminal to the TRAF2 and TRAF5 association sites. Furthermore, transfection experiments with TRANCE-R deletion mutants revealed that multiple regions of the TRANCE-R can mediate NF-κB activation. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE), a member of the TNF family expressed on activated T-cells, bone marrow stromal cells, and osteoblasts, regulates the function of dendritic cells (DC) and osteoclasts. The TRANCE receptor (TRANCE-R), recently identified as receptor activator of NF-κβ (RANK), activates NF-κB, a transcription factor critical in the differentiation and activation of those cells. In this report we identify the TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family of signal transducers as important components of TRANCE-R-mediated NF-κB activation. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments suggested potential interactions between the cytoplasmic tail of TRANCE-R with TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF5, and TRAF6. Dominant negative forms of TRAF2, TRAF5, and TRAF6 and an endogenous inhibitor of TRAF2, TRAF-interacting protein (TRIP), substantially inhibited TRANCE-R-mediated NF-κB activation, suggesting a role of TRAFs in regulating DC and osteoclast function. Overexpression of combinations of TRAF dominant negative proteins revealed competition between TRAF proteins for the TRANCE-R and the possibility of a TRAF-independent NF-κB pathway. Analysis of TRANCE-R deletion mutants suggested that the TRAF2 and TRAF5 interaction sites were restricted to the C-terminal 93 amino acids (C-region). TRAF6 also complexed to the C-region in addition to several regions N-terminal to the TRAF2 and TRAF5 association sites. Furthermore, transfection experiments with TRANCE-R deletion mutants revealed that multiple regions of the TRANCE-R can mediate NF-κB activation. TNF-related activation-induced cytokine tumor necrosis factor TRANCE receptor TNF receptor dendritic cell osteoclast interleukin TNF receptor-associated factor nuclear factor-κB c-Jun N-terminal kinase amino acid(s) osteoprotegerin open reading frame polymerase chain reaction hemagglutinin mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase human TNF receptor-associated death domain TNF receptor-interacting protein MEK kinase glutathione S-transferase polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. TRANCE,1 also called RANKL (1Anderson D.M. Maraskovsky E. Billingsley W.L. Dougall W.C. Tometsko M.E. Roux E.R. Teepe M.C. DuBose R.F. Cosman D. Galibert L. Nature. 1997; 390: 175-179Crossref PubMed Scopus (1981) Google Scholar), osteoclast differentiation factor (2Yasuda H. Shima N. Nakagawa N. Yamaguchi K. Kinosaki M. Mochizuki S. Tomoyasu A. Yano K. Goto M. Murakami A. Tsuda E. Morinaga T. Higashio K. Udagawa N. Takahashi N. Suda T. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998; 95: 3597-3602Crossref PubMed Scopus (3641) Google Scholar), and osteoprotegerin ligand (3Lacey D.L. Timms E. Tan H.L. Kelley M.J. Dunstan C.R. Burgess T. Elliott R. Colombero A. Elliott G. Scully S. Hsu H. Sullivan J. Hawkins N. Davy E. Capparelli C. Eli A. Qian Y.X. Kaufman S. Sarosi I. Shalhoub V. Senaldi G. Guo J. Delaney J. Boyle W.J. Cell. 1998; 93: 165-176Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4703) Google Scholar), is a TNF family ligand that regulates immune responses and bone remodeling. TRANCE is highly expressed on antigen receptor-activated T-cells and enhances the survival of dendritic cells (DC) probably, in part, by up-regulating Bcl-xL expression, implicating TRANCE in T-cell-DC communication (4Wong B.R. Josien R. Lee S.Y. Sauter B. Li H.L. Steinman R.M. Choi Y. J. Exp. Med. 1997; 186: 2075-2080Crossref PubMed Scopus (768) Google Scholar, 5Wong B.R. Rho J. Arron J. Robinson E. Orlinick J. Chao M. Kalachikov S. Cayani E. Bartlett III, F.S. Frankel W.N. Lee S.Y. Choi Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 25190-25194Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (926) Google Scholar). Furthermore, TRANCE is expressed on osteoblasts/stromal cells stimulated with vitamin D3, prostaglandin E2, IL-11, or glucocorticoids and can induce osteoclast (OCL) differentiation and activation, suggesting that TRANCE is the sought after link between various known regulatory molecules and bone resorption (2Yasuda H. Shima N. Nakagawa N. Yamaguchi K. Kinosaki M. Mochizuki S. Tomoyasu A. Yano K. Goto M. Murakami A. Tsuda E. Morinaga T. Higashio K. Udagawa N. Takahashi N. Suda T. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998; 95: 3597-3602Crossref PubMed Scopus (3641) Google Scholar, 3Lacey D.L. Timms E. Tan H.L. Kelley M.J. Dunstan C.R. Burgess T. Elliott R. Colombero A. Elliott G. Scully S. Hsu H. Sullivan J. Hawkins N. Davy E. Capparelli C. Eli A. Qian Y.X. Kaufman S. Sarosi I. Shalhoub V. Senaldi G. Guo J. Delaney J. Boyle W.J. Cell. 1998; 93: 165-176Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4703) Google Scholar). Members of the TNFR family and the IL-1 receptor associate either directly or indirectly with TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs), adaptor proteins that recruit and activate downstream signaling transducers (6Rothe M. Wong S.C. Henzel W.J. Goeddel D.V. Cell. 1994; 78: 681-692Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (946) Google Scholar). 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Med. 1994; 180: 1263-1272Crossref PubMed Scopus (1188) Google Scholar, 14Grewal I.S. Flavell R.A. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1998; 16: 111-135Crossref PubMed Scopus (1345) Google Scholar). Although TRANCE-R mRNA is ubiquitously expressed, the expression of TRANCE-R protein appears to be limited to splenic, lymph node, and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (4Wong B.R. Josien R. Lee S.Y. Sauter B. Li H.L. Steinman R.M. Choi Y. J. Exp. Med. 1997; 186: 2075-2080Crossref PubMed Scopus (768) Google Scholar), activated T-cells, 2B. R. Wong, R. Josien, S. Y. Lee, M. Vologodskaia, R. M. Steinman, and Y. Choi, unpublished observation. and osteoclast progenitors (3Lacey D.L. Timms E. Tan H.L. Kelley M.J. Dunstan C.R. Burgess T. Elliott R. Colombero A. Elliott G. Scully S. Hsu H. Sullivan J. Hawkins N. Davy E. Capparelli C. Eli A. Qian Y.X. Kaufman S. Sarosi I. Shalhoub V. Senaldi G. Guo J. Delaney J. Boyle W.J. Cell. 1998; 93: 165-176Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4703) Google Scholar). The relatively large cytoplasmic tail of TRANCE-R (aa 235–625) does not contain any canonical signaling motifs implying that the signaling machinery may involve adaptor proteins. Indeed, TRANCE-induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) can be inhibited in murine thymocytes overexpressing a dominant negative TRAF2 adaptor protein (4Wong B.R. Josien R. Lee S.Y. Sauter B. Li H.L. Steinman R.M. Choi Y. J. Exp. Med. 1997; 186: 2075-2080Crossref PubMed Scopus (768) Google Scholar). Osteoprotegerin (OPG/OCIF), a secreted decoy receptor for TRANCE, inhibits TRANCE-mediated osteoclast differentiation (2Yasuda H. Shima N. Nakagawa N. Yamaguchi K. Kinosaki M. Mochizuki S. Tomoyasu A. Yano K. Goto M. Murakami A. Tsuda E. Morinaga T. Higashio K. Udagawa N. Takahashi N. Suda T. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998; 95: 3597-3602Crossref PubMed Scopus (3641) Google Scholar, 15Simonet W.S. Lacey D.L. Dunstan C.R. Kelley M. Chang M.S. Luthy R. Nguyen H.Q. Wooden S. Bennett L. Boone T. Shimamoto G. DeRose M. Elliott R. Colombero A. Tan H.L. Trail G. Sullivan J. Davy E. Bucay N. Renshaw-Gegg L. Hughes T.M. Hill D. Pattison W. Campbell P. Boyle W.J. Cell. 1997; 89: 309-319Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4430) Google Scholar, 16Yasuda H. Shima N. Nakagawa N. Mochizuki S.I. Yano K. Fujise N. Sato Y. Goto M. Yamaguchi K. Kuriyama M. Kanno T. Murakami A. Tsuda E. Morinaga T. Higashio K. Endocrinology. 1998; 139: 1329-1337Crossref PubMed Scopus (965) Google Scholar). Systemic overexpression or injection of OPG causes osteopetrosis in mice (15Simonet W.S. Lacey D.L. Dunstan C.R. Kelley M. Chang M.S. Luthy R. Nguyen H.Q. Wooden S. Bennett L. Boone T. Shimamoto G. DeRose M. Elliott R. Colombero A. Tan H.L. Trail G. Sullivan J. Davy E. Bucay N. Renshaw-Gegg L. Hughes T.M. Hill D. Pattison W. Campbell P. Boyle W.J. Cell. 1997; 89: 309-319Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4430) Google Scholar), whereas OPG deficiency results in osteoporosis (17Bucay N. Sarosi I. Dunstan C.R. Morony S. Tarpley J. Capparelli C. Scully S. Tan H.L. Xu W. Lacey D.L. Boyle W.J. Simonet W.S. Genes Dev. 1998; 12: 1260-1268Crossref PubMed Scopus (2166) Google Scholar, 18Mizuno A. Amizuka N. Irie K. Murakami A. Fujise N. Kanno T. Sato Y. Nakagawa N. Yasuda H. Mochizuki S. Gomibuchi T. Yano K. Shima N. Washida N. Tsuda E. Morinaga T. Higashio K. Ozawa H. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998; 247: 610-615Crossref PubMed Scopus (712) Google Scholar). OPG is also a decoy receptor for TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligands (TRAIL) and can neutralize its apoptosis-inducing effects (19Emery J.G. McDonnell P. Burke M.B. Deen K.C. Lyn S. Silverman C. Dul E. Appelbaum E.R. Eichman C. DiPrinzio R. Dodds R.A. James I.E. Rosenberg M. Lee J.C. Young P.R. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 14363-14367Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1069) Google Scholar), suggesting that TRANCE is part of a complex cytokine network that coordinates an array of biological processes. The NF-κB family of transcription factors plays an important role in DC and osteoclast function. Dendritic cell development is inhibited in RelB-deficient mice (20Weih F. Carrasco D. Durham S.K. Barton D.S. Rizzo C.A. Ryseck R.P. Lira S.A. Bravo R. Cell. 1995; 80: 331-340Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (720) Google Scholar) and in bone marrow cultures infected with adenovirus harboring the IκB repressor (21Oyama T. Ran S. Ishida T. Nadaf S. Kerr L. Carbone D.P. Gabrilovich D.I. J. Immunol. 1998; 160: 1224-1232PubMed Google Scholar). NF-κB1 (p50) and NF-κB2 (p52) double knockout mice develop osteopetrosis because of a defect in osteoclast differentiation (22Iotsova V. Caamano J. Loy J. Yang Y. Lewin A. Bravo R. Nat. Med. 1997; 3: 1285-1289Crossref PubMed Scopus (898) Google Scholar). In addition, IL-1 enhances OCL survival by activating NF-κB (23Jimi E. Nakamura I. Ikebe T. Akiyama S. Takahashi N. Suda T. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 8799-8805Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (176) Google Scholar). Therefore, discovering the mechanisms leading to NF-κB activation from the TRANCE-R will aid in our understanding of the molecular events involved in DC and osteoclast function. Our results demonstrate that TRANCE-R associates with TRAF2, TRAF5, and TRAF6 at distinct regions of the cytoplasmic tail to initiate NF-κB activation. Therefore, TRANCE may direct DC and OCL differentiation and activation through the TRANCE-R by stimulating NF-κB via TRAFs. TRAF5.DN (aa 236–559) and TRAF6.DN (289–522) open reading frames (ORFs) were amplified by PCR and subcloned into pcDNA3.1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) containing a 3′-hemagglutinin (HA) tag. A PCR product encoding TRAF2.DN (241–501) was cloned into pcDNA3.1 containing a 3′-1D4 tag. The HA-TRAF1, TRAF2, HA-TRIP, and HA-hTRADD expression vectors were previously described (24Lee S.Y. Choi Y. J. Exp. Med. 1997; 185: 1275-1285Crossref PubMed Scopus (173) Google Scholar). pBABE/HA-TRAF3 (25Cheng G. Cleary A.M. Ye Z.S. Hong D.I. Lederman S. Baltimore D. Science. 1995; 267: 1494-1498Crossref PubMed Scopus (444) Google Scholar) was kindly provided by Dr. Genhong Cheng (UCLA, Los Angeles, CA). FLAG-TRAF5, FLAG-TRAF6, and FLAG-hKi-67 (hKi) expression vectors were constructed by cloning the ORF derived by PCR into the pFLAG-CMV-2 vector (pFLAG-2; Kodak, Rochester, NY). The various TRANCE-R cytoplasmic tails (aa 235–625, 235–603, 235–559, 235–358, 532–625, and 354–536) were obtained by reverse transcription-PCR of murine thymus RNA. The cytoplasmic tails were fused to the 3′ end of GST in pEBG (GST-TRcyt and GST-TRcyt mutants) or the 3′ end of the TRANCE-R extracellular/transmembrane domain (TR-E) in pFLAG-CMV-1 (pFLAG-1; Kodak). The c-Jun (pFA-Jun) and Elk-1 (pFA-Elk1) pathway-specific transactivators, the GAL4 UAS-containing luciferase reporter (pFR-Luc) plasmid, and the MEKK (pFC-MEKK) and MEK1 (pFC-MEK1) expression vectors were purchased from Stratagene (La Jolla, CA). The NF-κB reporter vector (κB)3-interferon-luciferase and pCMV-β-gal plasmids (Invitrogen) were described previously (26Lee S.Y. Kandala G. Liou M.L. Liou H.C. Choi Y. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 9699-9703Crossref PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar). All constructs were made from mouse ORFs unless indicated. ORFs obtained by PCR were confirmed by DNA sequencing. 293T cells were grown under standard conditions (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, 10% fetal bovine serum, 37 °C, 5% CO2). One day prior to transfection cells were split into 6-well dishes (4 × 105/well) coated with 0.1% gelatin for luciferase assays or in 10-cm dishes (2 × 106/well) for interaction assays. The various reporter and expression vectors were transfected by the calcium phosphate precipitation method as described previously (26Lee S.Y. Kandala G. Liou M.L. Liou H.C. Choi Y. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 9699-9703Crossref PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar). The amount of transfected DNA was kept constant with pcDNA3.1 plasmid. 24–36 h after transfection, the cells were harvested and subjected to luciferase and β-galactosidase assays as described previously (26Lee S.Y. Kandala G. Liou M.L. Liou H.C. Choi Y. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 9699-9703Crossref PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar). Measurements of luciferase were normalized to β-galactosidase activity and expressed as a ratio to values obtained from cells treated with vector alone. 293T cells transfected with GST-TRcyt, GST-TRcyt mutants, or potential interacting proteins were harvested 24–36 h after transfection, treated with lysis buffer (0.1% Nonidet P-40, 300 mm NaCl, 100 mm KCl, 1 mmEDTA, 10 mm HEPES, pH 7.5), cleared by centrifugation, and mixed together as indicated in the figure legends. After incubation (4 °C, 2 h) the complexes were isolated with glutathione-Sepharose, washed 3–4 times with lysis buffer, subjected to SDS-PAGE, and transferred to membranes. Western blot analyses were performed with either α-TRAF2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), α-HA (12CA5), or α-FLAG Ab (M2, Kodak). For coexpression-interaction assays, cells were cotransfected with GST-TRcyt with the various TRAFs. The transfectants were lysed and analyzed by Western blotting using the conditions described above. c-Jun and NF-κB activation by the murine TRANCE-R was examined in 293T cells to determine whether an overexpression system in tumor cell lines could accurately model TRANCE-R signaling. Activation of the ETS domain-containing transcription factor Elk-1 was also examined because it is a substrate for the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK): JNK, p38, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which are often activated by TNFR family members. In addition, Elk-1 regulates the expression of c-Fos, a transcription factor important for osteoclast differentiation (27Grigoriadis A.E. Wang Z.Q. Cecchini M.G. Hofstetter W. Felix R. Fleisch H.A. Wagner E.F. Science. 1994; 266: 443-448Crossref PubMed Scopus (1099) Google Scholar). An epitope-tagged murine TRANCE-R expression vector was cotransfected with luciferase reporter constructs that monitor either c-Jun, Elk-1, or NF-κB transcriptional activity. Fig. 1demonstrates that overexpression of TRANCE-R induced c-Jun (∼3-fold; Fig. 1 A), Elk-1 (∼5-fold; Fig. 1 B), and NF-κB (∼100-fold; Fig. 1 C) when compared with cells transfected with vector alone. As expected a mutant TRANCE-R lacking the cytoplasmic tail (TR-E) failed to activate c-Jun, Elk-1, or NF-κB. MEKK, MEK1, and TRAF2 expression provided positive controls for c-Jun, Elk-1, and NF-κB activation, respectively. A dose-response curve showed that 50 ng of TRANCE-R expression vector was sufficient for achieving maximal NF-κB activation (data not shown). Immunoprecipitation experiments were performed to test the association of TRANCE-R with all the known TRAF proteins except for TRAF4, which was shown to be a nuclear protein (28Regnier C.H. Tomasetto C. Moog-Lutz C. Chenard M.P. Wendling C. Basset P. Rio M.C. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 25715-25721Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (206) Google Scholar). The association of TRAF1, TRAF3, TRAF5, and TRAF6 with the cytoplasmic tail of TRANCE-R fused to GST (GST-TRcyt) was observed when coexpressed in 293T cells (data not shown). However, TRAF2 could not be analyzed by coexpression because it prevented high levels of expression of GST-TRcyt for unknown reasons (data not shown). Therefore, lysates from 293T cells overexpressing GST or GST-TRcyt were mixed with lysates from 293T cells overexpressing either TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF5, TRAF6, human TRADD (hTRADD), or hKi-67 (hKi). GST-TRcyt-interacting protein complexes were isolated with glutathione-Sepharose beads and visualized by Western analysis. Ten percent of the lysates used for each immunoprecipitation were analyzed to confirm the expression of potential TRANCE-R-interacting proteins. TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF5, and TRAF6 but not hTRADD or hKi associated with GST-TRcyt but did not interact with GST alone (Fig. 2). TRAF1 recruits cellular inhibitors of apoptosis to the receptor complex (29Rothe M. Pan M.G. Henzel W.J. Ayres T.M. Goeddel D.V. Cell. 1995; 83: 1243-1252Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1062) Google Scholar), and overexpression of TRAF1 inhibits T-cell receptor-mediated cell death of CD8+ T-cells (30Speiser D.E. Lee S.Y. Wong B. Arron J. Santana A. Kong Y.Y. Ohashi P.S. Choi Y. J. Exp. Med. 1997; 185: 1777-1783Crossref PubMed Scopus (118) Google Scholar). Therefore, TRAF1 may partially mediate TRANCE-induced DC survival. TRAF2, TRAF5, and TRAF6, in addition to NF-κB activation, are responsible for JNK induction leading to Jun/Fos activator protein-1 (AP-1) transactivational activity. TRAF6 also stimulates ERK (31Kashiwada M. Shirakata Y. Inoue J.I. Nakano H. Okazaki K. Okumura K. Yamamoto T. Nagaoka H. Takemori T. J. Exp. Med. 1998; 187: 237-244Crossref PubMed Scopus (115) Google Scholar), which phosphorylates and activates a distinct set of transcription factors including c-Myc, Elk-1, C/EBP, Tal-1, and ATF-2. MAPK-induced transcriptional activity may integrate with the NF-κB pathway to mediate the various effects of TRANCE on DC and osteoclasts. The direct evidence implicating NF-κB in DC and OCL development and function prompted a focused examination of its mechanism of activation by TRANCE-R. The requirement of TRAFs for TRANCE-R-mediated NF-κB activation was tested using vectors that encode for the TRAF dominant negative (TRAF.DN) mutants: TRAF2.DN (aa 241–501), TRAF5.DN (aa 236–559) and TRAF6.DN (aa 289–522). These mutants lack the RING and/or zinc finger effector domains and suppress signaling by interacting with the receptor and preventing the activation of specific endogenous TRAF molecules (32Rothe M. Sarma V. Dixit V.M. Goeddel D.V. Science. 1995; 269: 1424-1427Crossref PubMed Scopus (987) Google Scholar). Coexpression of TRANCE-R with increasing amounts of either TRAF2.DN, TRAF5.DN, or TRAF6.DN resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of NF-κB activation (Fig. 3). However, NF-κB induction was incompletely blocked despite a 20-fold excess of any of the vectors encoding TRAF.DN proteins. TRIP, a TRAF2-interacting protein that inhibits TRAF2-dependent NF-κB activation (24Lee S.Y. Choi Y. J. Exp. Med. 1997; 185: 1275-1285Crossref PubMed Scopus (173) Google Scholar), also decreased NF-κB activation by the TRANCE-R in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, overexpression of an irrelevant protein, human autoimmune antigen Ki-67 (hKi), failed to inhibit TRANCE-R-mediated NF-κB activation, thus indicating the specificity of TRAF.DN and TRIP proteins. Therefore, NF-κB activation induced by the TRANCE-R signaling is, in part, mediated by TRAF2, TRAF5, and TRAF6 and can be negatively regulated by TRIP. Deletion mutants of the TRANCE-R cytoplasmic tail (Fig. 4 A) were fused with GST (GST-TR) or with the FLAG-tagged extracellular transmembrane domain of TRANCE-R (TR-E). The design of TRANCE-R cytoplasmic tail deletions was based on PXQE(T/S) or VXX(T/S)XEE TRAF-binding sites determined in other TNFR family members (26Lee S.Y. Kandala G. Liou M.L. Liou H.C. Choi Y. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 9699-9703Crossref PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar, 33Gedrich R.W. Gilfillan M.C. Duckett C.S. Van Dongen J.L. Thompson C.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 12852-12858Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (155) Google Scholar). The cytoplasmic tail was arbitrarily divided into a membrane-proximal N-terminal region (N-region; aa 235–358), a middle region (M-region; aa 359–531), and a C-terminal region (C-region; aa 532–625). Associations between GST-TR mutants and TRAF2, TRAF5, and TRAF6 were examined. Lysates from 293T cells overexpressing TRAF proteins were mixed with lysates containing the different GST-TR fusion proteins, and GST-TR/TRAF complexes were precipitated with glutathione-Sepharose and analyzed by Western blot. These membranes were also stained with Coomassie brilliant blue to confirm the presence of the GST-TR proteins. TRAF2 associated most strongly with GST-TR-235–625, -235–603, -235–559, and -532–625, weakly with -354–536, but not with -235–358 (Fig. 4 B). These results suggest that amino acid residues 532–559 contain the major TRAF2-interacting site. Similar reasoning suggested that residues 559–603 of the C-region were required for TRAF5 binding (Fig. 4 B). Therefore, both TRAF2 and TRAF5 associate with the TRANCE-R at distinct but juxtaposed sites within the C-region. TRAF6 associated with the N-region and M-region containing mutants but less efficiently to the C-region (Fig. 4 B). Thus TRAF6 can associate with multiple sites N-terminal to the C-region. The various transmembrane-anchored cytoplasmic tails were tested for their ability to activate NF-κB. Western blot analysis using the α-FLAG antibody demonstrated comparable levels of expression produced by the various TR-E-cytoplasmic tail constructs (Fig.4C). Fig. 4 D shows that mutants TR-E+235–603 and TR-E+235–559, which lack the C-terminal 22 and 66 aa, respectively, stimulated similar levels of NF-κB activity compared with the wild-type TRANCE-R (TR-E+235–625). In addition, TR-E+235–358, the mutant encompassing the N-terminal region (N-region), and TR-E+354–536, the mutant delimiting the middle region (M-region), also induced relatively high levels of NF-κB activity. Unexpectedly, the C-region mutant, TR-E+532–625, consistently elicited relatively low, yet substantial, NF-κB activity (10–20-fold), whereas the N-region and M-region, which primarily interacted with TRAF6, generated significantly higher levels of NF-κB activity. These results suggest that TRAF6, in addition to TRAF2 and TRAF5, is an important NF-κB-inducing element in the TRANCE-R signaling complex. Combinations of TRAF.DN proteins were coexpressed with TRANCE-R in an attempt to enhance the NF-κB inhibition caused by individual dominant negatives. Expression of TRAF2.DN or TRAF6.DN in combination with TRAF5.DN did not cause a further decrease in TRANCE-R-mediated NF-κB activation compared with any TRAF.DN alone (Fig. 5). However, TRAF2.DN in combination with TRAF6.DN reduced NF-κB activity by an additional ∼50% of the activity observed with TRAF2.DN or TRAF6.DN alone. Addition of TRAF2, TRAF5, and TRAF6 dominant negative proteins together did not inhibit NF-κB further than that observed with TRAF2.DN plus TRAF6.DN. Conceivably, TRAF2 may compete with TRAF5 by concealing residues important for its association with the TRANCE-R. TRAF6 may also hinder the association of TRAF5 with the TRANCE-R in a similar manner, although the proximity between the TRAF5 and TRAF6 association sites was not resolved. Residual NF-kB activity (∼10–20-fold induction) could not be inhibited despite coexpression of TRAF2.DN, TRAF5.DN, and TRAF6.DN together. Thus similarly to CD30 (34Horie R. Aizawa S. Nagai M. Ito K. Higashihara M. Ishida T. Inoue J. Watanabe T. Int. Immunol. 1998; 10: 203-210Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar, 35Duckett C.S. Gedrich R.W. Gilfillan M.C. Thompson C.B. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1997; 17: 1535-1542Crossref PubMed Google Scholar), TRANCE-R may initiate TRAF-independent pathways or interact with unknown TRAFs to activate NF-κB. In this report we demonstrate that TRAF adaptor proteins can associate with the cytoplasmic tail of TRANCE-R and mediate NF-κB activation. During the review of this article a study was published showing associations between the human TRANCE-R and TRAFs (36Darnay B.G. Haridas V. Ni J. Moore P.A. Aggarwal B.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 20551-20555Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (370) Google Scholar). However, in that study, the C-terminal 86 residues (aa 530–616) were shown to be essential for NF-κB activation and TRAF interaction whereas our data define other regions capable of those functions. It is possible that the human receptor has distinct properties compared with the mouse receptor used in this study. More likely, however, the discrepancies reflect the sensitivities of the different methods employed to study protein interactions or NF-kB activation. TRAFs may be responsible for some of the effects of TRANCE on DC and osteoclasts. Perhaps TRAFs via NF-κB and/or MAPKs are linked to the expression of anti-apoptotic genes such asbcl-xL or genes involved in differentiation and activation. The importance of TRAFs in TRANCE-R signaling in DC or OCL will be further explored with TRAF-deficient mutant mice or by overexpressing TRAF.DN proteins in those cells. We thank Joe Arron, Nacksung Kim, Michael Klein, John MacMicking, and Su Tsao for comments and suggestions regarding this manuscript. We also thank Angela Santana for excellent technical help.