We study the use of truncated normal-ordered three-nucleon interactions in nuclear structure calculations starting from chiral two- plus three-nucleon Hamiltonians evolved consistently with the similarity renormalization group. We present three key developments: (i) a rigorous benchmark of the normal-ordering approximation in the importance-truncated no-core shell model for $^{4}\mathrm{He}$, $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, and $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$; (ii) a direct comparison of the importance-truncated no-core shell model results with coupled-cluster calculations at the singles and doubles level for $^{16}\mathrm{O}$; and (iii) first applications of similarity renormalization group-evolved chiral $NN+3N$ Hamiltonians in coupled-cluster calculations for medium-mass nuclei $^{16,24}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{40,48}\mathrm{Ca}$. We show that the normal-ordered two-body approximation works very well beyond the lightest isotopes and opens a path for studies of medium-mass and heavy nuclei with chiral two- plus three-nucleon interactions. At the same time we highlight the predictive power of chiral Hamiltonians.