Abstract Fasting glucose and insulin are intermediate traits for type 2 diabetes. Here we explore the role of coding variation on these traits by analysis of variants on the HumanExome BeadChip in 60,564 non-diabetic individuals and in 16,491 T2D cases and 81,877 controls. We identify a novel association of a low-frequency nonsynonymous SNV in GLP1R (A316T; rs10305492; MAF=1.4%) with lower FG ( β =−0.09±0.01 mmol l −1 , P =3.4 × 10 −12 ), T2D risk (OR[95%CI]=0.86[0.76–0.96], P =0.010), early insulin secretion (β =−0.07±0.035 pmol insulin mmol glucose −1 , P =0.048), but higher 2-h glucose (β =0.16±0.05 mmol l −1 , P =4.3 × 10 −4 ). We identify a gene-based association with FG at G6PC2 ( p SKAT =6.8 × 10 −6 ) driven by four rare protein-coding SNVs (H177Y, Y207S, R283X and S324P). We identify rs651007 (MAF=20%) in the first intron of ABO at the putative promoter of an antisense lncRNA, associating with higher FG (β =0.02±0.004 mmol l −1 , P =1.3 × 10 −8 ). Our approach identifies novel coding variant associations and extends the allelic spectrum of variation underlying diabetes-related quantitative traits and T2D susceptibility.