Adipocytes hold the body's major energy reserve as triacylglycerols packaged in large lipid droplets. Perilipins, the most abundant proteins on these lipid droplets, play a critical role in facilitating both triacylglycerol storage and hydrolysis. The stimulation of lipolysis by β-adrenergic agonists triggers rapid phosphorylation of perilipin and translocation of hormone-sensitive lipase to the surfaces of lipid droplets and more gradual fragmentation and dispersion of micro-lipid droplets. Because few lipid droplet-associated proteins have been identified in adipocytes, we isolated lipid droplets from basal and lipolytically stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and identified the component proteins by mass spectrometry. Structural proteins identified in both preparations include perilipin, S3-12, vimentin, and TIP47; in contrast, adipophilin, caveolin-1, and tubulin selectively localized to droplets in lipolytically stimulated cells. Lipid metabolic enzymes identified in both preparations include hormone-sensitive lipase, lanosterol synthase, NAD(P)-dependent steroid dehydrogenase-like protein, acyl-CoA synthetase, long chain family member (ACSL) 1, and CGI-58. 17-β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, type 7, was identified only in basal preparations, whereas ACSL3 and 4 and two short-chain reductase/dehydrogenases were identified on droplets from lipolytically stimulated cells. Additionally, both preparations contained FSP27, ribophorin I, EHD2, diaphorase I, and ancient ubiquitous protein. Basal preparations contained CGI-49, whereas lipid droplets from lipolytically stimulated cells contained several Rab GTPases and tumor protein D54. A close association of mitochondria with lipid droplets was suggested by the identification of pyruvate carboxylase, prohibitin, and a subunit of ATP synthase in the preparations. Thus, adipocyte lipid droplets contain specific structural proteins as well as lipid metabolic enzymes; the structural reorganization of lipid droplets in response to the hormonal stimulation of lipolysis is accompanied by increases in the relative mass of several proteins and the recruitment of additional proteins. Adipocytes hold the body's major energy reserve as triacylglycerols packaged in large lipid droplets. Perilipins, the most abundant proteins on these lipid droplets, play a critical role in facilitating both triacylglycerol storage and hydrolysis. The stimulation of lipolysis by β-adrenergic agonists triggers rapid phosphorylation of perilipin and translocation of hormone-sensitive lipase to the surfaces of lipid droplets and more gradual fragmentation and dispersion of micro-lipid droplets. Because few lipid droplet-associated proteins have been identified in adipocytes, we isolated lipid droplets from basal and lipolytically stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and identified the component proteins by mass spectrometry. Structural proteins identified in both preparations include perilipin, S3-12, vimentin, and TIP47; in contrast, adipophilin, caveolin-1, and tubulin selectively localized to droplets in lipolytically stimulated cells. Lipid metabolic enzymes identified in both preparations include hormone-sensitive lipase, lanosterol synthase, NAD(P)-dependent steroid dehydrogenase-like protein, acyl-CoA synthetase, long chain family member (ACSL) 1, and CGI-58. 17-β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, type 7, was identified only in basal preparations, whereas ACSL3 and 4 and two short-chain reductase/dehydrogenases were identified on droplets from lipolytically stimulated cells. Additionally, both preparations contained FSP27, ribophorin I, EHD2, diaphorase I, and ancient ubiquitous protein. Basal preparations contained CGI-49, whereas lipid droplets from lipolytically stimulated cells contained several Rab GTPases and tumor protein D54. A close association of mitochondria with lipid droplets was suggested by the identification of pyruvate carboxylase, prohibitin, and a subunit of ATP synthase in the preparations. Thus, adipocyte lipid droplets contain specific structural proteins as well as lipid metabolic enzymes; the structural reorganization of lipid droplets in response to the hormonal stimulation of lipolysis is accompanied by increases in the relative mass of several proteins and the recruitment of additional proteins. In vertebrate animals the most abundant energy reserve is stored as triacylglycerol in the lipid droplets of adipocytes. These lipid droplets can be as large as 100 μm and are composed of a core of triacylglycerol surrounded by a phospholipid and cholesterol monolayer into which numerous proteins are embedded. Most other types of cells contain tiny lipid droplets that store primarily cholesterol esters and serve as a reservoir of cholesterol for the synthesis and maintenance of membranes; steroidogenic cells of the adrenal cortex, testes, and ovaries use stored cholesterol additionally as a source of substrate for steroid hormone synthesis. Little is known about the mechanisms that control the flux of neutral lipids into and out of lipid droplets in any type of cell, but it is clear that the processes that control lipid traffic in adipocytes are central to the regulation of whole body energy metabolism. The first lipid droplet-associated proteins to be identified were members of the PAT family of proteins that includes perilipins, adipophilin (also called ADRP for adipose differentiation-related protein), TIP47, and S3-12; PAT family proteins are the major structural proteins of lipid droplets. Although adipophilin and TIP47 are ubiquitously expressed (1Brasaemle D.L. Barber T. Wolins N.E. Serrero G. Blanchette-Mackie E.J. Londos C. J. Lipid Res. 1997; 38: 2249-2263Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 2Heid H.W. Moll R. Schwetlick I. Rackwitz H.R. Keenan T.W. Cell Tissue Res. 1998; 294: 309-321Crossref PubMed Scopus (356) Google Scholar, 3Miura S. Gan J.W. Brzostowski J. Parisi M.J. Schultz C.J. Londos C. Oliver B. Kimmel A.R. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 32253-32257Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (304) Google Scholar, 4Than N.G. Sumegi B. Bellyei S. Berki T. Szekeres G. Janaky T. Szigeti A. Bohn H. Than G.N. Eur. J. 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The phosphorylation of perilipins and hormone-sensitive lipase occurs rapidly upon hormonal stimulation, and nearly quantitative translocation of hormone-sensitive lipase from the cytoplasm to the lipid droplet surface occurs in the first 5 min (19Brasaemle D.L. Levin D.M. Adler-Wailes D.C. Londos C. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2000; 1483: 251-262Crossref PubMed Scopus (186) Google Scholar). Visible by 30 min and escalating over several hours, a dramatic fragmentation of lipid droplets occurs 1A. Marcinkiewicz, D. Gauthier, and D. L. Brasaemle, unpublished observations.1A. Marcinkiewicz, D. Gauthier, and D. L. Brasaemle, unpublished observations. (20Londos C. Brasaemle D.L. Schultz C.J. Adler-Wailes D.C. Levin D.M. Kimmel A.R. Rondinone C.M. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1999; 892: 155-168Crossref PubMed Scopus (219) Google Scholar, 21Londos C. Brasaemle D.L. Schultz C.J. Segrest J.P. Kimmel A.R. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 1999; 10: 51-58Crossref PubMed Scopus (365) Google Scholar) that vastly increases the surface area and dispersion of the myriad micro-lipid droplets that are formed. Although initial studies have demonstrated these morphological changes in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, recent evidence suggests that they also occur in lipolytically stimulated white adipose tissue in situ (22Granneman J.G. Li P. Lu Y. Tilak J. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004; 287: E574-E582Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar). Thus, lipolytic stimulation of adipocytes triggers both rapid and more gradual but sustained changes in the protein content and morphology of lipid droplets. The protein composition of lipid droplets from yeast (23Athenstaedt K. Zweytick D. Jandrositz A. Kohlwein S.D. Daum G. J. Bacteriol. 1999; 181: 6441-6448Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 24Zweytick D. Athenstaedt K. Daum G. Biochim. Biophys. 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These studies have revealed that lipid droplet-associated proteins include enzymes involved in many aspects of lipid metabolism; additionally, the mammalian lipid droplet preparations contained the ubiquitously expressed PAT family members adipophilin and TIP47. The protein composition of adipocyte lipid droplets has not yet been reported. Furthermore, unlike the other types of cells for which this information has been collected, the signaling mechanisms that stimulate lipolysis and the consequent remodeling of lipid droplets are unique to adipocytes. For these reasons we investigated the protein composition of lipid droplets isolated from cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes incubated under both basal conditions that foster triacylglycerol storage and stimulated conditions when lipolysis is activated and fatty acids are released from the cells. To capture both rapid and more gradual changes to protein composition that might occur, we stimulated lipolysis for 2 h before the isolation of the lipid droplets. POROS 20 R2 beads were purchased from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA). C18 Zip-tips were from Millipore (Bedford, MA). Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride and trifluoroacetic acid were from Pierce. Ammonium bicarbonate, iodoacetamide, formic acid, insulin, isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), 2The abbreviations used are: IBMX, isobutylmethylxanthine; ACSL, acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry. dexamethasone, biotin, and heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum were from Sigma-Aldrich. Dulbecco's minimal essential medium, 100× penicillin and streptomycin solution, 200 mm glutamine stock for cell culture media, and HPLC grade acetonitrile and methanol were purchased from Fisher. Culture and Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes—3T3-L1 preadipocytes (American Type Culture Collection, Herndon, VA) were cultured in 100-mm culture dishes from Corning-Costar as described previously (1Brasaemle D.L. Barber T. Wolins N.E. Serrero G. Blanchette-Mackie E.J. Londos C. J. Lipid Res. 1997; 38: 2249-2263Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar); confluent monolayers of 3T3-L1 cells, used within 6–10 passages, were induced to differentiate into adipocytes by the daily addition of Dulbecco's minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 8 μg/ml biotin, 2 mm glutamine, 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 0.5 mm IBMX, 10 μg/ml insulin, and 10 μm dexamethasone for 72 h followed by the daily addition of culture medium containing biotin but without insulin, IBMX, and dexamethasone for up to 3 more days. Incubation of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes in Lipolytically Stimulating Conditions and Isolation of Lipid Droplets—Six days after the initiation of differentiation, 40 dishes of 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated either with 10 μm isoproterenol and 0.5 mm IBMX for 2 h at 37 °C for lipolytically stimulated conditions or without the additions for basal conditions before harvest. Culture medium was removed, and cells were rinsed twice with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) before scraping cells into PBS using Sarstedt cell scrapers. Cells from sets of 10 dishes of cells were pooled into 15 ml conical screw-capped tubes (Falcon) and centrifuged at 500 x g for 5 min to pellet the cells. Cell pellets were resuspended in a hypotonic medium containing 10 mm Tris, pH 7.4, 1 mm EDTA, 10 mm sodium fluoride, 20 μg/ml leupeptin, 1 mm benzamidine, and 100 μm [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride] hydrochloride by pipetting and incubated on ice for 10 min before homogenization by 10 strokes in a Teflon-glass homogenizer. Cell lysates were centrifuged at 26,000 xg for 30 min at 4 °C in a SW41Ti rotor (Beckman), and the rotor was allowed to coast to a stop. The floating lipid droplet layers were harvested using a Beckman tube slicer, and the harvested fractions were adjusted to 25% sucrose and 100 mm sodium carbonate, pH 11.5, using a 60% sucrose stock solution and a 1 m sodium carbonate stock solution with protease inhibitors followed by gentle mixing by pipetting. The density-adjusted fractions (∼4 ml) were layered into centrifuge tubes containing 1-ml cushions of 60% sucrose and then overlaid with ∼5 ml of 100 mm sodium carbonate, pH 11.5, with protease inhibitors followed by ∼3.5 ml of the hypotonic lysis medium with protease inhibitors. Tubes were centrifuged at 26,000 × g for 30 min at 4 °C in a SW41Ti rotor, and the rotor was allowed to coast to a stop. Floating lipid droplets were harvested using a Beckman tube slicer into 1.5-ml microcentrifuge tubes. Residual carbonate solution was removed by centrifuging tubes at 14,000 × g for 20 min at 4 °C in an Eppendorf microcentrifuge; infranatant was removed with an 18-gauge needle from below the floating lipid droplet fraction, and the lipid droplet fraction was rinsed once with hypotonic lysis solution containing protease inhibitors. Delipidation of Lipid Droplets, Preparation of Component Proteins, and SDS-PAGE—Lipid droplet fractions in microcentrifuge tubes were delipidated with 1.5 ml of cold acetone overnight at –20 °C followed by centrifugation at 14,000 × g for 30 min at 4 °C and removal of solvent from the protein pellet. The pellet was further extracted with room temperature acetone followed by 1:1 acetone:ether (v:v) and ether. Residual solvents were evaporated under nitrogen, and proteins were solubilized in 2× Laemmli sample buffer (29Laemmli U.K. Nature. 1970; 227: 680-685Crossref PubMed Scopus (206660) Google Scholar) by incubation in a bath sonicator at 65 °C for 4–5 h with frequent mixing using a vortex mixer. Additional β-mercaptoethanol was added to samples before loading onto SDS-PAGE gels. Lipid droplet proteins from 28 dishes of adipocytes were loaded onto 30-cm-long SDS-PAGE gels for staining and further identification; proteins from 2 dishes of cells were loaded onto gels for transfer to nitrocellulose membranes and immunoblotting. Gels containing greater protein loads were stained for 2 h in 0.25% Coomassie Blue G250 in 10% acetic acid, 50% methanol and then destained in 7% acetic acid, 5% methanol for 4–6 h. Proteins on gels containing samples from two dishes of adipocytes were electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Lipid droplets were isolated from 8 separate sets of 40 dishes of adipocytes grown and differentiated at different times; 4 sets of dishes were used for basal conditions, and 4 sets of dishes were used for lipolytically stimulated conditions. Proteins from lipid droplet preparations from 3 sets of 28 dishes of basal adipocytes were separated in 3 lanes of a single SDS-PAGE gel. Coomassie-stained bands were compared and found to be equivalent for all lanes; bands from one lane were excised for analysis by mass spectrometry. Proteins from lipid droplet preparations from 3 sets of 28 dishes of lipolytically stimulated adipocytes were separated in 3 lanes of a single SDS-PAGE gel and compared with a single lane containing proteins from 28 dishes of basal adipocytes on the same gel. Coomassie-stained bands were compared and found to vary slightly between the three preparations from the lipolytically stimulated adipocytes and significantly between basal and stimulated preparations; bands were excised for all stained proteins from two lanes of stimulated preparations and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Because some differences were obtained throughout the analysis, bands from an additional lane of proteins from 28 dishes of lipolytically stimulated adipocytes separated on a new gel were analyzed separately; all proteins reported were identified in at least 2 of the 3 analyzed preparations of proteins. In-gel Tryptic Digestion of Lipid Droplet-associated Proteins—Coomassie-stained protein bands were excised from the gels and destained with 45% acetonitrile in 100 mm ammonium bicarbonate. The resulting gel slices were incubated with 10 mm tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride, alkylated by the addition of 50 mm iodoacetamide, and then digested in situ with trypsin (100 ng per band in 50 mm ammonium bicarbonate). The tryptic peptides were extracted using POROS 20 R2 beads (Applied Biosystems) in 0.2% trifluoroacetic acid in 5% formic acid. The extracted peptides were concentrated using C18 zip-tips and eluted with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in 30% acetonitrile followed by 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in 75% acetonitrile. The eluates were dried under vacuum using a Speed Vac concentrator. Mass Spectrometry—The resulting peptides were dissolved in 2–25 μl of HPLC sample solvents containing water:methanol:acetic acid: trifluoroacetic acid (70:30:0.5:0.01, v/v/v/v); the volume used was proportional to the staining intensity of the given band. Micro-HPLC-MS/MS analysis was conducted on an LCQ electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometer (Thermo Finnigan) coupled with an online MicroPro-HPLC system (Eldex Laboratories). Two microliters of tryptic peptide solution was injected into a Magic C18 column (0.2 × 50 mm, 5 μm, 200 Å, Michrom BioResources) which had been equilibrated with 70% solvent A (0.5% acetic acid and 0.01% trifluoroacetic acid in water: methanol (95:5, v/v)) and 30% solvent B (0.5% acetic acid and 0.01% trifluoroacetic acid in methanol:water (95:5, v/v)). Peptides were separated and eluted from the HPLC column with a linear gradient from 30 to 95% solvent B in 15 min at a flow rate of 2.0 μl/min. The eluted peptides were sprayed directly into the LCQ mass spectrometer (2.8 kV). The LCQ mass spectrometer was operated in a data-dependent mode for measuring the molecular masses of peptides (parent peptides) and collecting MS/MS peptide fragmentation spectra. Database Search and Protein Identification—The measured molecular masses of parent peptides and their MS/MS data were used to search National Center for Biotechnology Information nonredundant DNA/protein sequence database (nr) using the program KNEXUS (Genomic Solutions). The mass error tolerance used in the database search was ±3 Da for the parent ions and ±0.5 Da for the fragment ions, respectively. Protein identifications were made based on expectation values <1 × 10–2 or the quality of MS/MS spectra of peptides identified. BLAST searches were performed for hypothetical and unknown proteins. Immunoblotting of Lipid Droplet Protein Preparations—To confirm the identification of known lipid droplet-associated proteins, nitrocellulose membranes containing lipid droplet proteins were probed with antisera raised against the amino terminus of rat perilipin A (1Brasaemle D.L. Barber T. Wolins N.E. Serrero G. Blanchette-Mackie E.J. Londos C. J. Lipid Res. 1997; 38: 2249-2263Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), mouse adipophilin (Research Diagnostics Inc., Flanders, NJ), mouse TIP47 (Research Diagnostics), mouse S3-12 (kindly donated by Dr. Perry Bickel (7Wolins N.E. Skinner J.R. Schoenfish M.J. Tzekov A. Bensch K.G. Bickel P.E. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 37713-37721Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (166) Google Scholar)), and caveolin-1 (kindly donated by Dr. Michael Lisanti). Microscopy—3T3-L1 adipocytes were grown and differentiated on glass coverslips; before fixation, some cells were incubated with 10 μm isoproterenol and 0.5 mm IBMX for 2 h. Cells were fixed in 3% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline, and cells were prepared for immunofluorescence microscopy, as described previously (9Blanchette-Mackie E.J. Dwyer N.K. Barber T. Coxey R.A. Takeda T. Rondinone C.M. Theodorakis J.L. Greenberg A.S. Londos C. J. Lipid Res. 1995; 36: 1211-1226Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Primary antibody incubations included antisera raised against perilipin (1Brasaemle D.L. Barber T. Wolins N.E. Serrero G. Blanchette-Mackie E.J. Londos C. J. Lipid Res. 1997; 38: 2249-2263Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), adipophilin, S3-12 (7Wolins N.E. Skinner J.R. Schoenfish M.J. Tzekov A. Bensch K.G. Bickel P.E. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 37713-37721Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (166) Google Scholar), CGI-58 (50Subramanian V. Rothenberg A. Gomez C. Cohen A.W. Garcia A. Bhattacharyya S. Shapiro L. Dolios G. Wang R. Lisanti M. Brasaemle D.L. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 42062-42071Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (250) Google Scholar), and calnexin (StressGen Biotechnologies) for 1–3 h at room temperature. Secondary antibodies included rhodamine-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Jackson Immunoresearch, Denver, PA) for 1–2 h at room temperature; BODIPY 493/503 (Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, OR) was added to secondary antibody solutions to detect neutral lipids (30Gocze P.M. Freeman D.A. Cytometry. 1994; 17: 151-158Crossref PubMed Scopus (176) Google Scholar). Cells were visualized with a Nikon Eclipse E800 fluorescence microscope equipped with a Hamamatsu Orca digital camera interfaced to a Macintosh G4 computer. Images were captured in monochrome and then processed using Improvision Openlab software; doubly stained cells are depicted in the opposite colors to those observed for esthetic reasons. Isolation of Lipid Droplets—Cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes package stored triacylglycerol into multiple lipid droplets of varying sizes (Fig. 1A); as differentiation progresses, the lipid droplets increase in size and fuse until a few very large lipid droplets fill the majority of the cytoplasm (not shown). In preliminary experiments we found that the large lipid droplets that characterize differentiated adipocytes at 10–14 days are fragile and difficult to keep intact during isolation. Thus, to avoid these problems we isolated lipid droplets from fresh, unfrozen cells collected at 6 days after the initiation of differentiation. At 6 days, the expression of many of the proteins that characterize fully differentiated adipocytes such as perilipin, hormone-sensitive lipase, and adipose fatty acid-binding protein has been highly induced (31Cornelius P. MacDougald O.A. Lane M.D. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 1994; 14: 99-129Crossref PubMed Scopus (572) Google Scholar). To study alterations in the protein content of lipid droplets that occur during lipolytic stimulation, we incubated day 6 differentiated adipocytes with isoproterenol, an agonist of β-adren