Height is a highly heritable, classic polygenic trait with approximately 700 common associated variants identified through genome-wide association studies so far. Here, we report 83 height-associated coding variants with lower minor-allele frequencies (in the range of 0.1–4.8%) and effects of up to 2 centimetres per allele (such as those in IHH, STC2, AR and CRISPLD2), greater than ten times the average effect of common variants. In functional follow-up studies, rare height-increasing alleles of STC2 (giving an increase of 1–2 centimetres per allele) compromised proteolytic inhibition of PAPP-A and increased cleavage of IGFBP-4 in vitro, resulting in higher bioavailability of insulin-like growth factors. These 83 height-associated variants overlap genes that are mutated in monogenic growth disorders and highlight new biological candidates (such as ADAMTS3, IL11RA and NOX4) and pathways (such as proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan synthesis) involved in growth. Our results demonstrate that sufficiently large sample sizes can uncover rare and low-frequency variants of moderate-to-large effect associated with polygenic human phenotypes, and that these variants implicate relevant genes and pathways. Data from over 700,000 individuals reveal the identity of 83 sequence variants that affect human height, implicating new candidate genes and pathways as being involved in growth. As a highly heritable polygenic trait, human height has provided a model for the genetic analysis of complex traits. So far about 700 common genetic variants have been linked to height through genome-wide association studies, but the role of low-frequency and rare variants has not been systematically explored. Guillaume Lettre, Joel Hirschhorn and colleagues in the GIANT Consortium now report their analysis of coding regions in the genomes of 711,418 individuals. They identify 120 loci newly associated with height, including 32 rare and 51 low-frequency coding variants. They highlight 83 candidate genes with low-frequency height-associated variants and implicate biological pathways with known roles in growth disorders as well as new candidates. Their analyses provide insights into the genomic architecture of human height.