Abstract Maintaining organ homeostasis requires complex functional synergy between distinct cell types, a snapshot of which is glimpsed through the simultaneously broad and granular analysis provided by single-cell atlases. Knowledge of the transcriptional programs underpinning the complex and specialized functions of human kidney cell populations at homeostasis is limited by difficulty accessing healthy, fresh tissue. Here, we present a single-cell perspective of healthy human kidney from 19 living donors, with equal contribution from males and females, profiling the transcriptome of 27677 high-quality cells to map healthy kidney at high resolution. Our sex-balanced dataset revealed sex-based differences in gene expression within proximal tubular cells, specifically, increased anti-oxidant metallothionein genes in females and the predominance of aerobic metabolism-related genes in males. Functional differences in metabolism were confirmed between male and female proximal tubular cells, with male cells exhibiting higher oxidative phosphorylation and higher levels of energy precursor metabolites. Within the immune niche, we identified kidney-specific lymphocyte populations with unique transcriptional profiles indicative of kidney-adapted functions and validated findings by flow cytometry. We observed significant heterogeneity in resident myeloid populations and identified an MRC1 + LYVE1 + FOLR2 + C1QC + population as the predominant myeloid population in healthy kidney. This study provides a detailed cellular map of healthy human kidney, revealing novel insights into the complexity of renal parenchymal cells and kidney-resident immune populations.

Single-cell profiling of healthy human kidney reveals features of sex-based transcriptional programs and tissue-specific immunity