Meeting report: International autoimmune hepatitis group

Abstract

HepatologyVolume 18, Issue 4 p. 998-1005 Special ArticleFree Access Meeting report: International autoimmune hepatitis group P. J. Johnson, P. J. Johnson United KingdomSearch for more papers by this authorIan G. McFarlane Ph.D., Corresponding Author Ian G. McFarlane Ph.D. United KingdomInstitute of Liver Studies, King's College School of Medicine & Dentistry, Bessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ, United Kingdom===Search for more papers by this authorConvenors, On Behalf of the Panel, Convenors, On Behalf of the Panel Fernando Alvarez (France), Francesco B. Bianchi (Italy), Leonardo Bianchi (Switzerland), Andrew Burroughs (United Kingdom), Roger W. Chapman (United Kingdom), Albert J. Czaja (USA), Valeer Desmet (Belgium), Adrian L.W.F. Eddleston (United Kingdom), Michael A. Gerber (USA), Jay H. Hoofnagle (USA), Shinichi Kakumu (Japan), R.N.M. MacSween (United Kingdom), Willis C. Maddrey (USA), Michael P. Manns (Germany), Karl-Hermann Meyer zum Büschenfelde (Germany), Giorgina Mieli-Vergani (United Kingdom), Bernard C. Portmann (United Kingdom), W.D. Reed (Australia), Solko W. Schalm (The Netherlands), Peter J. Scheuer (United Kingdom), Gotaro Toda (Japan), Takao Tsuji (Japan), Niels Tygstrup (Denmark), Diego Vergani (United Kingdom) and Mikio Zeniya (Japan).Search for more papers by this author P. J. Johnson, P. J. Johnson United KingdomSearch for more papers by this authorIan G. McFarlane Ph.D., Corresponding Author Ian G. McFarlane Ph.D. United KingdomInstitute of Liver Studies, King's College School of Medicine & Dentistry, Bessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ, United Kingdom===Search for more papers by this authorConvenors, On Behalf of the Panel, Convenors, On Behalf of the Panel Fernando Alvarez (France), Francesco B. Bianchi (Italy), Leonardo Bianchi (Switzerland), Andrew Burroughs (United Kingdom), Roger W. Chapman (United Kingdom), Albert J. Czaja (USA), Valeer Desmet (Belgium), Adrian L.W.F. Eddleston (United Kingdom), Michael A. Gerber (USA), Jay H. Hoofnagle (USA), Shinichi Kakumu (Japan), R.N.M. MacSween (United Kingdom), Willis C. Maddrey (USA), Michael P. Manns (Germany), Karl-Hermann Meyer zum Büschenfelde (Germany), Giorgina Mieli-Vergani (United Kingdom), Bernard C. Portmann (United Kingdom), W.D. Reed (Australia), Solko W. Schalm (The Netherlands), Peter J. Scheuer (United Kingdom), Gotaro Toda (Japan), Takao Tsuji (Japan), Niels Tygstrup (Denmark), Diego Vergani (United Kingdom) and Mikio Zeniya (Japan).Search for more papers by this author First published: October 1993 https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840180435Citations: 794 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References 1 Czaja AJ. Autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. In: AJ Czaja, ER Dickson, eds. Chronic active hepatitis: the Mayo Clinic experience. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1986: 105– 126. 2 McFarlane IG, Eddleston ALWF. Chronic active hepatitis. In: SR Targan, F Shanahan, eds. Immunology and immunopathology of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. New York: Igaku-Shoin, 1989: 281– 304. 3 Meyer zum Büschenfelde K-H, Lohse AW, Manns M, Poralla T. Autoimmunity and liver disease. HEPATOLOGY 1990; 12: 354– 363. 4 Mackay IR. Auto-immune (lupoid) hepatitis: an entity in the spectrum of chronic liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1990; 5: 352– 359. 5 Sherlock S, Bianchi FB, Desmet VJ, Main J, Pagliaro L. Classification of auto-immune chronic active hepatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1990; 5: 360– 361. 6 Johnson PJ, McFarlane IG, Eddleston ALWF. The natural course and heterogeneity of autoimmune-type chronic active hepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 1991; 11: 187– 196. 7 Wilcox RG, Isselbacher KJ. Chronic liver disease in young people: clinical features and course of thirty-three patients. Am J Med 1961; 30: 185– 195. 8 Mistilis SP, Skyring AP, Blackburn CRB. Natural history of active chronic hepatitis. Australas Ann Med 1968; 17: 214– 223. 9 Soloway RD, Summerskill WHJ, Baggenstoss AH, Geall MG, Gitnick GL, Elveback LR, Schoenfield LJ. Clinical, biochemical, and histological remission of severe chronic active liver disease: a controlled study of treatments and early prognosis. Gastroenterology 1972; 63: 820– 833. 10 Joske RA, King WE. The “L.E.-cell” phenomenon in active chronic viral hepatitis. Lancet 1955; 2: 477– 479. 11 Mackay JR, Taft LI, Cowling DC. Lupoid hepatitis. Lancet 1956; 2: 1323– 1326. 12 Bartholomew LG, Hagedorn AB, Cain JC, Baggenstoss AH. Hepatitis and cirrhosis in women with positive clot tests for lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 1958; 259: 947– 956. 13 Aronson AR, Montgomery MM. Chronic liver disease with a “lupus erythematosus–like syndrome.” Arch Intern Med 1959; 1: 65– 69. 14 Mackay IR, Taft LI, Cowling DC. Lupoid hepatitis and the hepatic lesions of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1956; 2: 1323– 1326. 15 Bartholomew LG, Cain JC, Baggenstoss AH, Hagedorn AB. Further observations on hepatitis in young women with positive clot tests for lupus erythematosus. Gastroenterology 1960; 39: 730– 736. 16 Mackay IR, Wood IJ. Lupoid hepatitis: a comparison of 22 cases with other types of liver disease. Q J Med 1962; 31: 485– 507. 17 Whittingham S, Mackay IR, Irwin J. Autoimmune hepatitis: immunofluorescence reactions with cytoplasm of smooth muscle and glomerular cells. Lancet 1966; 1: 1333– 1335. 18 Whittingham S, Irwin J, Mackay IR, Smalley M. Smooth muscle autoantibody in “autoimmune” hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1966; 51: 499– 505. 19 Doniach D, Roitt IM, Walker JG, Sherlock S. Tissue antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis, active chronic (lupoid) hepatitis, cryptogenic cirrhosis and other liver diseases and their clinical implications. Clin Exp Immunol 1966; 1: 237– 262. 20 Mackay IR. Genetic aspects of immunologically mediated liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 1984; 4: 13– 25. 21 Seki T, Kiyosawa K, Inoko H, Ota M. Association of autoimmune hepatitis with HLA-Bw54 and DR4 in Japanese patients. HEPATOLOGY 1990; 12: 1300– 1304. 22 Donaldson PT, Doherty DG, Hayllar KM, McFarlane IG, Johnson PJ, Williams R. Susceptibility to autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: human leukocyte antigens DR4 and A1-B8-DR3 are independent risk factors. HEPATOLOGY 1991; 13: 701– 706. 23 Seki T, Ota M, Furuta S, Fukushima H, Kondo T, Hino K, Mizuki N, et al. HLA class II molecules and autoimmune hepatitis susceptibility in Japanese patients. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 1041– 1047. 24 Page AR, Condie RM, Good RA. Suppression of plasma cell hepatitis with 6-mercaptopurine. Am J Med 1964; 36: 200– 213. 25 Mackay IR, Wood IJ. The course and treatment of lupoid hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1963; 45: 4– 8. 26 Mistilis SP, Blackburn CRB. The treatment of active chronic hepatitis with 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine. Australas Ann Med 1967; 16: 305– 311. 27 Mackay IR, Weiden S, Ungar B. Treatment of active chronic hepatitis and lupoid hepatitis with 6-mercaptopurine and azothioprine. Lancet 1964; 1: 899– 902. 28 Copenhagen Study Group for Liver Diseases. Effect of prednisone on the survival of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Lancet 1969; 1: 119– 121. 29 Copenhagen Study Group for Liver Diseases. Sex, ascites, and alcoholism in survival of patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1974; 291: 271– 273. 30 Cook GC, Mulligan R, Sherlock S. Controlled prospective trial of corticosteroid therapy in chronic active hepatitis. Q J Med 1971; 158: 159– 185. 31 Gjone E, Boye NP, Blomhoff JP. Azathioprine treatment in active chronic hepatitis: evaluation of dose levels. Acta Med Scand 1973; 193: 109– 112. 32 Murray-Lyon IM, Stern RB, Williams R. Controlled trial of prednisone and azathioprine in active chronic hepatitis. Lancet 1973; 1: 735– 737. 33 Summerskill WHJ, Korman MG, Ammon HV, Baggenstoss AH. Prednisone for chronic liver disease: dose titration, standard dose, and combination with azathioprine. Gut 1975; 16: 876– 883. 34 Stellon AJ, Hegarty JE, Portmann B, Williams R. Randomised controlled trial of azathioprine withdrawal in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Lancet 1985; 1: 668– 670. 35 Stellon AJ, Keating JJ, Johnson PJ, McFarlane IG, Williams R. Maintenance of remission in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis with azathioprine after corticosteroid withdrawal. HEPATOLOGY 1988; 8: 781– 784. 36 International Group. A classification of chronic hepatitis. Lancet 1968; 2: 626– 628. 37 Leevy CM, Popper H, Sherlock S. Diseases of the liver and biliary tract: standardisation of nomenclature, diagnostic criteria and diagnostic methodology. Fogarty International Center Proceedings No. 22. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office (DHEW Publication No. NIH 76–725), 1976. 38 Bianchi L, De Groote J, Desmet VJ, Gedigk P, Korb G, Popper H, Poulsen H, et al. Acute and chronic hepatitis revisited: review by an international group. Lancet 1977; 2: 914– 919. 39 Esteban JI, Esteban R, Viladomiu L, Lopez-Talavera JC, Gonzalez A, Hernandez JM, Roget M, et al. Hepatitis C virus antibodies among risk groups in Spain. Lancet 1989; 2: 294– 297. 40 Lenzi M, Ballardini G, Fusconi M, Cassani F, Selleri L, Volta U, Zauli D, et al. Type 2 autoimmune hepatitis and hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet 1990; 335: 258– 259. 41 McFarlane IG, Smith HM, Johnson PJ, Bray GP, Vergani D, Williams R. Hepatitis C virus antibodies in chronic active hepatitis: pathogenetic factor or false-positive result? Lancet 1990; 335: 754– 757. 42 Schvarcz R, Weiland O, von Sydow M. False positive reactivity for antibodies against hepatitis C virus in patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis? Scand J Infect Dis 1990; 22: 377– 378. 43 Schvartz R, von Sydow M, Weiland O. Autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: changing reactivity for antibodies to hepatitis C virus after immunosuppressive treatment. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990; 25: 1175– 1180. 44 Dussaix E, Maggiore G, De Giacomo C, Mondelli M, Martres P, Alvarez F. Autoimmune hepatitis in children and hepatitis C virus testing. Lancet 1990; 335: 1160– 1161. 45 Ikeda Y, Toda G, Hashimoto N, Kurokawa K. Antibody to superoxide dismutase, autoimmune hepatitis, and antibody tests for hepatitis C virus. Lancet 1990; 335: 1345– 1346. 46 Magrin S, Craxi A, Fiorentino G, Fabiano C, Provenzano G, Pinzello GB, Palazzo U, et al. Is autoimmune chronic active hepatitis a HCV-related disease? J Hepatol 1991; 13: 56– 60. 47 Magrin S, Craxi A, Fabiano C, Fiorentino G, Almasio P, Palazzo U, Pinzello G, et al. Hepatitis C virus in “autoimmune” chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 1991; 13: 364– 367. 48 Lenzi M, Johnson PJ, McFarlane IG, Ballardini G, Smith HM, McFarlane BM, Bridger C, et al. Antibodies to hepatitis C virus in autoimmune liver disease: evidence for geographical heterogeneity. Lancet 1991; 338: 277– 280. 49 Garson JA, Lenzi M, Ring C, Cassani F, Ballardini G, Briggs M, Tedder RS, et al. Hepatitis C viraemia in adults with type 2 autoimmune hepatitis. J Med Virol 1991; 34: 223– 226. 50 Todros L, Touscoz G, D'Urso N, Durzzo M, Albano E, Poli G, Baldi M, et al. Hepatitis C virus–related chronic liver disease with autoantibodies to liver-kidney microsomes (LKM): clinical characterization from idiopathic LKM-positive disorders. J Hepatol 1991; 13: 128– 131. 51 Friedman LS, Patel KP, Munoz SJ. Hepatitis C virus and autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: closing the ring. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 1436– 1438. 52 Nishiguchi S, Kuroki T, Ueda T, Fukuda K, Takeda T, Nakajima S, Shiomi S, et al. Detection of hepatitis C virus antibody in the absence of viral RNA in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 21– 25. 53 Michel G, Ritter A, Gerken G, Meyer zum Büschenfelde K-H, Decker R, Manns MP. Anti-GOR and hepatitis C virus in autoimmune liver diseases. Lancet 1992; 339: 267– 269. 54 Hosein B, Fang X, Wang CY. Anti-HCV, anti-GOR, and autoimmunity [Letter]. Lancet 1992; 339: 871. 55 Magrin S, Pinzello G, Craxi A, Almasio P, Pagliaro L. Anti-HCV, anti-GOR, and autoimmunity [Letter]. Lancet 1992; 339: 871. 56 Gitnick G. Chronic active hepatitis: a classification. In: AJ Czaja, ER Dickson, eds. Chronic active hepatitis: the Mayo Clinic experience. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1986: 1– 8. 57 Sherlock S. Classifying chronic hepatitis. Lancet 1989; 2: 1168– 1170. 58 Mackay IR. Immunological aspects of chronic active hepatitis. HEPATOLOGY 1983; 3: 724– 728. 59 Koretz RL, Lewin KJ, Higgins J, Fagen ND, Gitnick GL. Chronic active hepatitis: who meets treatment criteria? Dig Dis Sci 1980; 25: 695– 699. 60 Hodges JR, Millward-Sadler GH, Wright R. Chronic active hepatitis: the spectrum of disease. Lancet 1982; 1: 550– 552. 61 Plotz PH. Asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1975; 68: 1629– 1630. 62 Tanner AR, Powell LW. Corticosteroids in liver disease: possible mechanisms of action, pharmacology, and rational use. Gut 1979; 20: 1109– 1124. 63 Lefkowitch JH, Apfelbaum TF, Weinberg L, Forester G. Acute liver biopsy lesions in early autoimmune (“lupoid”) chronic active hepatitis. Liver 1984; 4: 379– 386. 64 Eddleston ALWF. Immunology of chronic active hepatitis. Q J Med 1985; new series 55: 191– 198. 65 Hay JE, Czaja AJ, Rakela J, Ludwig J. The nature of unexplained chronic aminotransferase elevations of a mild to moderate degree in asymptomatic patients. HEPATOLOGY 1989; 9: 193– 197. 66 Bernuau J, Valli C, Boyer N, Degott C, Homberg JC, Benhamou JP. Fulminant hepatic failure due to autoimmune hepatitis [Abstract]. J Hepatol 1985;(suppl 2): S193. 67 Homberg JC, Abuaf N, Bernard O, Islam S, Alvarez F, Khalil SH, Poupon R, et al. Chronic active hepatitis associated with antiliver/kidney microsome antibody type 1: a second type of “autoimmune” hepatitis. HEPATOLOGY 1987; 7: 1333– 1339. 68 McCullough AJ. Laboratory assessment of liver function and inflammatory activity in chronic active hepatitis. In: AJ Czaja, ER Dickson, eds. Chronic active hepatitis: the Mayo Clinic experience. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1986: 205– 246. 69 Cooksley WGE, Bradbear RA, Robinson W, Harrison M, Halliday JW, Powell LW, Ng HS, et al. The prognosis of chronic active hepatitis without cirrhosis in relation to bridging necrosis. HEPATOLOGY 1986; 6: 345– 348. 70 Johnson PJ, McFarlane IG, McFarlane BM, Williams R. Autoimmune features in patients with idiopathic chronic active hepatitis who are seronegative for conventional auto-antibodies. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1990; 5: 244– 251. 71 Czaja AJ, Hay JE, Rakela J. Clinical features and prognostic implications of severe corticosteroid-treated cryptogenic chronic active hepatitis. Mayo Clin Proc 1990; 65: 23– 30. 72 Meyer zum Büschenfelde K-H, Manns M. Mechanisms of autoimmune liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 1984; 4: 26– 35. 73 McFarlane IG, Williams R. Liver membrane antibodies. J Hepatol 1985; 1: 313– 319. 74 McFarlane BM, McSorley CG, McFarlane IG, Williams R. A radioimmunoassay for detection of circulating antibodies reacting with the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor protein. J Immunol Methods 1985; 77: 219– 228. 75 McFarlane BM, McSorley CG, Vergani D, McFarlane IG, Williams R. Serum autoantibodies reacting with the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor protein (hepatic lectin) in acute and chronic liver disorders. J Hepatol 1986; 3: 196– 205. 76 McFarlane BM, Sipos J, Gove CD, McFarlane IG, Williams R. Antibodies against the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor perfused in situ preferentially attach to periportal liver cells in the rat. HEPATOLOGY 1990; 11: 408– 415. 77 Treichel U, Poralla T, Hess G, Manns M, Meyer zum Büschenfelde K-H. Autoantibodies to human asialoglycoprotein receptor in autoimmune-type chronic hepatitis. HEPATOLOGY 1990; 11: 606– 612. 78 Poralla T, Treichel U, Lohr H, Fleischer B. The asialoglycoprotein receptor as target structure in autoimmune liver diseases. Semin Liver Dis 1991; 11: 215– 222. 79 Manns M, Gerken G, Kyriatsoulis A, Staritz M, Meyer zum Büschenfelde K-H. Characterisation of a new subgroup of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis by autoantibodies against a soluble liver antigen. Lancet 1987; 1: 292– 294. 80 Wachter B, Kyriatsoulis A, Lohse AW, Gerken G, Meyer zum Büschenfelde K-H, Manns M. Characterization of liver cytokeratin as a major target antigen of anti-SLA antibodies. J Hepatol 1990; 11: 232– 239. 81 Martini E, Abuaf N, Cavalli F, Durand V, Johanet C, Homberg JC. Antibody of liver cytosol (anti-LC1) in patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis type 2. HEPATOLOGY 1988; 8: 1662– 1666. 82 Abuaf N, Johanet C, Chretien P, Martini E, Soulier E, Laperche S, Homberg JC. Characterization of the liver cytosol antigen type 1 reacting with autoantibodies in chronic active hepatitis. HEPATOLOGY 1992; 16: 892– 898. 83 Berg PA, Stechemesser E. Hypergammaglobulinamische chronisch aktive hepatitis mit nachweis komplementbindender partiell leberspezifischer antikorper. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 1981; 87: 921– 927. 84 Stechemesser E, Strienz J, Berg PA. Serological definition of new subgroup of patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis [Letter]. Lancet 1987; 1: 683. 85 Swanson NR, Reed WD, Yarred LJ, Shilkin KB, Joske RA. Autoantibodies to isolated human hepatocyte plasma membranes in chronic active hepatitis. II. Specificity of antibodies. HEPATOLOGY 1990; 11: 613– 621. 86 Toda G, Ikeda Y, Kashiwagi M, Iwamori M, Oka H. Hepatocyte plasma membrane glycosphingolipid reactive with sera from patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: its identification as sulfatide. HEPATOLOGY 1990; 12: 664– 670. 87 Maddrey WC. Subdivisions of idiopathic autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. HEPATOLOGY 1987; 7: 1372– 1375. 88 Ludwig J. Morphology of chronic active hepatitis: differential diagnosis and therapeutic implications. In: AJ Czaja, ER Dickson, eds. Chronic active hepatitis: the Mayo Clinic experience. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1986: 83– 104. 89 Scheuer PJ. Viral hepatitis. In: MacSween RNM, Anthony PP, PJ Scheuer, eds. Pathology of the liver. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1987: 202– 223. 90 Bach N, Thung SN, Schaffner F. The histological features of chronic hepatitis C and autoimmune chronic hepatitis: a comparative analysis. HEPATOLOGY 1992; 15: 572– 577. 91 L Bianchi, HP Spichtin, F Gudat. In: RNM MacSween, PP Anthony, PJ Scheuer, eds. Pathology of the liver. 2nd ed. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone, 1987: 310– 341. 92 Dienes HP, Autschbach F, Gerber MA. Ultrastructural lesion in autoimmune hepatitis and steps of the immune response in liver tissue. Semin Liver Dis 1991; 11: 197– 204. 93 Scheuer PJ, Ashrafzadeh P, Sherlock S, Brown D, Dusheiko GM. The pathology of hepatitis C. HEPATOLOGY 1992; 15: 567– 571. 94 Mieli-Vergani G, Lobo-Yeo A, McFarlane BM, McFarlane IG, Mowat AP, Vergani D. Different immune mechanisms leading to autoimmunity in primary sclerosing cholangitis and autoimmune chronic active hepatitis of childhood. HEPATOLOGY 1989; 9: 198– 203. 95 McFarlane IG. Autoimmunity in liver disease. Clin Sci 1984; 67: 569– 578. 96 Mackay IR, Frazer IH, Toh BH, Pedersen JS, Alter HJ. Absence of autoimmune serological reactions in chronic non A, non B viral hepatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1985; 61: 39– 43. 97 Vento S, McFarlane BM, McSorley CG, Ranieri S, GiulianiPiccari G, Dal Monte PR, Verucchi G, et al. Liver autoreactivity in acute virus A, B and non-A, non-B hepatitis. J Clin Lab Immunol 1988; 25: 1– 7. 98 Manns MP, Nakamura RM. Autoimmune liver diseases. Clin Lab Med 1988; 8: 281– 301. 99 Hosein B, Fang CT, Popovsky MA, Ye J, Zhang ML, Wang CY. Improved serodiagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection with synthetic peptide antigen from capsid protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 3647– 3651. 100 Van der Poel CL, Cuypers HTM, Reesink HW, Weiner AJ, Quan S, Di Nello R, Van Boven JJP, et al. Confirmation of hepatitis C virus infection by new four-antigen recombinant immunoblot assay. Lancet 1991; 337: 317– 319. 101 Chien DY, Choo QL, Tabrizi A, Kuo C, McFarland J, Berger K, Lee C, et al. Diagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection using an immunodominant chimeric polyprotein to capture circulating antibodies: reevaluation of the role of HCV in liver disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 10011– 10015. 102 Boudart D, Lucas JC, Adjou C, Muller JY. HCV confirmatory testing of blood donors [Letter]. Lancet 1992; 339: 372. 103 Yatsuhashi H, Inoue O, Koga M, Nagataki S, Kolberg J, Beall E, Cha TA, et al. Comparison of hepatitis C virus markers in patients with NANB hepatitis. J Virol Methods 1992; 37: 13– 21. 104 Garson JA, Tedder RS, Briggs M, Tuke P, Glazebrook JA, Trute A, Parker D, et al. Detection of hepatitis C viral sequences in blood donations by “nested” polymerase chain reaction and prediction of infectivity. Lancet 1990; 335: 1419– 1422. 105 Ludwig J, Czaja AJ, Dickson ER, LaRusso NF, Weissner RH. Manifestations of nonsuppurative cholangitis in chronic hepatobiliary diseases: morphologic spectrum, clinical correlations and terminology. Liver 1984; 4: 105– 116. 106 Weissner RH, LaRusso NF, Ludwig J, Dickson ER. Comparison of the clinicopathologic features of primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1985; 88: 108– 114. 107 Chapman RW, Cottone M, Selby WS, Shepherd HA, Sherlock S, Jewell DP. Serum autoantibodies, ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 1986; 27: 86– 91. 108 Chapman RW. The immunology of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1990; 12: 121– 128. 109 Zauli D, Schrumpf E, Crespi C, Cassani F, Fausa O, Aadland E. An autoantibody profile in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 1987; 5: 14– 18. 110 Klein R, Eisenburg J, Weber P, Seibold F, Berg PA. Significance and specificity of antibodies to neutrophils detected by Western blotting for the serological diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis. HEPATOLOGY 1991; 14: 1147– 1152. 111 Ludwig J. Small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis. Semin Liver Dis 1991; 11: 11– 17. 112 Rabinowitz M, Demetris AJ, Bou-Abboud CF, Van Theil DH. Simultaneous occurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis and autoimmune chronic active hepatitis in a patient with ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37: 1606– 1611. 113 Donaldson PT, Farrant JM, Wilkinson ML, Hayllar K, Portmann BC, Williams R. Dual association of HLA DR2 and DR3 with primary sclerosing cholangitis. HEPATOLOGY 1991; 13: 129– 133. 114 Marsden CD. Wilson's disease. Q J Med 1987; 65: 959– 966. 115 Sternlieb I. Perspectives on Wilson's disease. HEPATOLOGY 1990; 12: 1234– 1239. 116 Schilsky ML, Scheinberg IH, Sternleib I. Prognosis of Wilsonian chronic active hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 762– 767. 117 Johnson PJ, Williams R. Excellent prognosis in Wilsonian chronic active hepatitis: new data or an article of faith? HEPATOLOGY 1991; 14: 1293– 1295. 118 Hodges S, Lobo-Yeo A, Donaldson P, Tanner MS, Vergani D. Autoimmune chronic active hepatitis in a family. Gut 1991; 32: 299– 302. 119 Ilan Y, Hillman M, Oren R, Galun E, Shalit M. Undetectable caeruloplasmin values in a patient with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Gut 1991; 32: 549– 550. 120 DaCosta CM, Baldwin D, Portmann B, Lolin Y, Mowat AP, Mieli-Vergani G. Value of urinary copper excretion after penicillamine challenge in the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. HEPATOLOGY 1992; 15: 609– 615. 121 Czaja AJ. Treatment strategies in chronic active hepatitis. In: AJ Czaja, ER Dickson, eds. Chronic active hepatitis: the Mayo Clinic experience. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1986: 247– 267. Citing Literature Volume18, Issue4October 1993Pages 998-1005 ReferencesRelatedInformation