Sarcopenia is an independent risk factor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and significant fibrosis

Abstract

Background & Aims We explored whether sarcopenia is associated with the histological severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), especially non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and significant fibrosis. Methods In a biopsy-proven NAFLD cohort, the appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was measured. Sarcopenia was defined as a ASM/body weight (ASM%) value beyond two standard deviations below the mean for healthy young adults. Results Among the entire set of 309 subjects, the prevalence of sarcopenia in subjects without NAFLD, with non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), and with NASH were 8.7%, 17.9%, and 35.0%, respectively (p <0.001). ASM% was inversely correlated with the severity of fibrosis (p <0.001), and the prevalence of significant fibrosis (⩾F2) was higher in subjects with sarcopenia than in those without (45.7% vs. 24.7%; p <0.001). A crude analysis revealed that sarcopenia was associated with NAFLD (odds ratio [OR], 3.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58–9.25), which became insignificant after adjustment for body mass index (BMI), diabetes, and hypertension. Among NAFLD subjects, subjects with sarcopenia were more likely to have NASH than those without sarcopenia through a multivariate analysis adjusted for age, gender, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking status (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.21–4.30), and this finding was obtained even after adjustment for insulin resistance (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.08–4.93). Sarcopenia was also associated with significant fibrosis independent of BMI and insulin resistance (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.01–4.16). Conclusions In this large biopsy-proven NAFLD cohort, sarcopenia was significantly associated with NASH and significant fibrosis. Lay summary Low muscle mass was found to be associated with histological severity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and sarcopenia was significantly associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and significant fibrosis, independent of obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Clinical trial number: NCT 02206841. We explored whether sarcopenia is associated with the histological severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), especially non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and significant fibrosis. In a biopsy-proven NAFLD cohort, the appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was measured. Sarcopenia was defined as a ASM/body weight (ASM%) value beyond two standard deviations below the mean for healthy young adults. Among the entire set of 309 subjects, the prevalence of sarcopenia in subjects without NAFLD, with non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), and with NASH were 8.7%, 17.9%, and 35.0%, respectively (p <0.001). ASM% was inversely correlated with the severity of fibrosis (p <0.001), and the prevalence of significant fibrosis (⩾F2) was higher in subjects with sarcopenia than in those without (45.7% vs. 24.7%; p <0.001). A crude analysis revealed that sarcopenia was associated with NAFLD (odds ratio [OR], 3.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58–9.25), which became insignificant after adjustment for body mass index (BMI), diabetes, and hypertension. Among NAFLD subjects, subjects with sarcopenia were more likely to have NASH than those without sarcopenia through a multivariate analysis adjusted for age, gender, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking status (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.21–4.30), and this finding was obtained even after adjustment for insulin resistance (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.08–4.93). Sarcopenia was also associated with significant fibrosis independent of BMI and insulin resistance (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.01–4.16). In this large biopsy-proven NAFLD cohort, sarcopenia was significantly associated with NASH and significant fibrosis.