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Brain Imaging of the Cortex in ADHD: A Coordinated Analysis of Large-Scale Clinical and Population-Based Samples

Authors
Martine Hoogman,Ryan Muetzel
Joao Guimaraes,Elena Shumskaya,Maarten Mennes,Marcel Zwiers,Neda Jahanshad,Gustavo Sudre,Thomas Wolfers,Eric Earl,Juan Vila,Yolanda Vives‐Gilabert,Sabin Khadka,Stephanie Novotny,Catharina Hartman,Dirk Heslenfeld,Lizanne Schweren,Sara Ambrosino,Bob Oranje,Patrick Zeeuw,Tiffany Chaim‐Avancini,Pedro Rosa,Marcus Zanetti,Charles Malpas,Gregor Kohls,Georg Polier,Jochen Seitz,Joseph Biederman,Alysa Doyle,Anders Dale,Theo Erp,Jeffery Epstein,Terry Jernigan,Ramona Baur‐Streubel,Georg Ziegler,Kathrin Zierhut,Anouk Schrantee,Marie Høvik,Astri Lundervold,Clare Kelly,Hazel McCarthy,Norbert Skokauskas,Ruth Tuura,Anna Calvo,Sara Lera‐Miguel,Rosa Nicolau,Kaylita Chantiluke,Anastasia Christakou,Alasdair Vance,Mara Cercignani,Matt Gabel,Philip Asherson,Sarah Baumeister,Daniel Brandeis,Sarah Hohmann,Ivanei Bramati,Fernanda Tovar‐Moll,Andreas Fallgatter,Bernd Kardatzki,Lena Schwarz,А. Аникин,Baranov Aa,Tinatin Gogberashvili,Dmitry Kapilushniy,Anastasia Solovieva,Hanan Marroun,Tonya White,Georgii Karkashadze,Л. Намазова‐Баранова,Thomas Ethofer,Paulo Mattos,Tobias Banaschewski,David Coghill,Kerstin Plessen,Jonna Kuntsi,Mitul Mehta,Yannis Paloyelis,Neil Harrison,Mark Bellgrove,Timothy Silk,Ana Cubillo,Katya Rubia,Luisa Lázaro,Silvia Brem,Susanne Walitza,Thomas Frodl,Mariam Zentis,F. Castellanos,Yuliya Yoncheva,Jan Haavik,Liesbeth Reneman,Annette Conzelmann,Klaus‐Peter Lesch,Paul Pauli,Andreas Reif,Leanne Tamm,Kerstin Konrad,Eileen Weiß,Geraldo Busatto,Mário Louzã,Sarah Durston,Pieter Hoekstra,Jaap Oosterlaan,Michael Stevens,Josep Ramos‐Quiroga,Óscar Vilarroya,Damien Fair,Joel Nigg,Paul Thompson,Jan Buitelaar,Stephen Faraone,Philip Shaw,Henning Tiemeier,Janita Bralten,Barbara Franke,Ruth O’Gorman,A.V. Anikin,А. Баранов,Л.С. Намазова-Баранова
+117 authors
,Tim Silk
Published
Apr 24, 2019
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Abstract

Objective: Neuroimaging studies show structural alterations of various brain regions in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), although nonreplications are frequent. The authors sought to identify cortical characteristics related to ADHD using large-scale studies. Methods: Cortical thickness and surface area (based on the Desikan–Killiany atlas) were compared between case subjects with ADHD (N=2,246) and control subjects (N=1,934) for children, adolescents, and adults separately in ENIGMA-ADHD, a consortium of 36 centers. To assess familial effects on cortical measures, case subjects, unaffected siblings, and control subjects in the NeuroIMAGE study (N=506) were compared. Associations of the attention scale from the Child Behavior Checklist with cortical measures were determined in a pediatric population sample (Generation-R, N=2,707). Results: In the ENIGMA-ADHD sample, lower surface area values were found in children with ADHD, mainly in frontal, cingulate, and temporal regions; the largest significant effect was for total surface area (Cohen’s d=−0.21). Fusiform gyrus and temporal pole cortical thickness was also lower in children with ADHD. Neither surface area nor thickness differences were found in the adolescent or adult groups. Familial effects were seen for surface area in several regions. In an overlapping set of regions, surface area, but not thickness, was associated with attention problems in the Generation-R sample. Conclusions: Subtle differences in cortical surface area are widespread in children but not adolescents and adults with ADHD, confirming involvement of the frontal cortex and highlighting regions deserving further attention. Notably, the alterations behave like endophenotypes in families and are linked to ADHD symptoms in the population, extending evidence that ADHD behaves as a continuous trait in the population. Future longitudinal studies should clarify individual lifespan trajectories that lead to nonsignificant findings in adolescent and adult groups despite the presence of an ADHD diagnosis.

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