ABSTRACT SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells that cross-react with common cold coronaviruses (CCCs) are present in both healthy donors and COVID-19 patients. However, whether these cross-reactive T cells play a role in COVID-19 pathogenesis versus protection remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we characterized cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, targeting genome-wide conserved epitopes in a cohort of 147 non-vaccinated COVID-19 patients, divided into six groups based on the degrees of disease severity. We compared the frequency, phenotype, and function of these SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells between severely ill and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients and correlated this with α-CCCs and β-CCCs co-infection status. Compared with asymptomatic COVID-19 patients, the severely ill COVID-19 patients and patients with fatal outcomes: ( i ) Presented a broad leukocytosis and a broad CD4 + and CD8 + T cell lymphopenia; ( ii ) Developed low frequencies of functional IFN- γ -producing CD134 + CD138 + CD4 + and CD134 + CD138 + CD8 + T cells directed toward conserved epitopes from structural, non-structural and regulatory SARS-CoV-2 proteins; ( iii ) Displayed high frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific functionally exhausted PD-1 + TIM3 + TIGIT + CTLA4 + CD4 + and PD-1 + TIM3 + TIGIT + CTLA4 + CD8 + T cells; and ( iv ) Displayed similar frequencies of co-infections with β-CCCs strains but significantly fewer co-infections with α-CCCs strains. Interestingly, the cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 epitopes that recalled the strongest CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses in unexposed healthy donors (HD) were the most strongly associated with better disease outcome seen in asymptomatic COVID-19 patients. Our results demonstrate that, the critically ill COVID-19 patients displayed fewer co-infection with α-CCCs strain, presented broad T cell lymphopenia and higher frequencies of cross-reactive exhausted SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. In contrast, the asymptomatic COVID-19 patients, appeared to present more co-infections with α-CCCs strains, associated with higher frequencies of functional cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. These findings support the development of broadly protective, T-cell-based, multi-antigen universal pan-Coronavirus vaccines. KEY POINTS A broad lymphopenia and lower frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells were associated with severe disease onset in COVID-19 patients. High frequencies of phenotypically and functionally exhausted SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, co-expressing multiple exhaustion markers, and targeting multiple structural, non-structural, and regulatory SARS-CoV-2 protein antigens, were detected in severely ill COVID-19 patients. Compared to severely ill COVID-19 patients and to patients with fatal outcomes, the (non-vaccinated) asymptomatic COVID-19 patients presented more functional cross-reactive CD4 + and CD8 + T cells targeting conserved epitopes from structural, non-structural, and regulatory SARS-CoV-2 protein antigens. The cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 epitopes that recalled the strongest CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses in unexposed healthy donors (HD) were the most strongly associated with better disease outcomes seen in asymptomatic COVID-19 patients. Compared to severely ill COVID-19 patients and to patients with fatal outcomes, the (non-vaccinated) asymptomatic COVID-19 patients presented higher rates of co-infection with the α-CCCs strains. Compared to patients with mild or asymptomatic COVID-19, severely ill symptomatic patients and patients with fatal outcomes had more exhausted SARS-CoV-2-speccific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells that preferentially target cross-reactive epitopes that share high identity and similarity with the β-CCCs strains.