Extant evidence implicates growth factor signaling in the pathogenesis of many tumor types, including cutaneous melanoma. Recently, reciprocal activating mutations of NRAS and BRAF were found in benign melanocytic nevi and cutaneous melanomas. We had previously reported a similar epistatic relationship between activating NRAS mutations and inactivating PTEN/MMAC1 alterations. We thus hypothesized that BRAF and PTEN/MMAC1 mutations may cooperate to promote melanoma tumorigenesis. Overall, 40 of 47 (85%) melanoma cell lines and 11 of 16 (69%) uncultured melanoma metastases had mutations in NRAS, BRAF, or PTEN/MMAC1. NRAS was exclusively mutated in nine of 47 (19%) cell lines and two of 16 (13%) metastases, whereas BRAF was solely mutated in 28 of 47 (60%) cell lines and nine of 16 (56%) metastases. In the 12 of 15 melanoma cell lines (80%) and two of two melanoma metastases with PTEN alterations, BRAF was also mutated. These findings suggest the existence of possible cooperation between BRAF activation and PTEN loss in melanoma development. Extant evidence implicates growth factor signaling in the pathogenesis of many tumor types, including cutaneous melanoma. Recently, reciprocal activating mutations of NRAS and BRAF were found in benign melanocytic nevi and cutaneous melanomas. We had previously reported a similar epistatic relationship between activating NRAS mutations and inactivating PTEN/MMAC1 alterations. We thus hypothesized that BRAF and PTEN/MMAC1 mutations may cooperate to promote melanoma tumorigenesis. Overall, 40 of 47 (85%) melanoma cell lines and 11 of 16 (69%) uncultured melanoma metastases had mutations in NRAS, BRAF, or PTEN/MMAC1. NRAS was exclusively mutated in nine of 47 (19%) cell lines and two of 16 (13%) metastases, whereas BRAF was solely mutated in 28 of 47 (60%) cell lines and nine of 16 (56%) metastases. In the 12 of 15 melanoma cell lines (80%) and two of two melanoma metastases with PTEN alterations, BRAF was also mutated. These findings suggest the existence of possible cooperation between BRAF activation and PTEN loss in melanoma development. Sustained growth factor signaling is a critical step in the evolution of cutaneous melanoma. In vitro, basic fibroblast growth factor can form an autocrine stimulatory loop (Meier et al., 2000Meier F. Nesbit M. Hsu M.Y. et al.Human melanoma progression in skin reconstructs: Biological significance of bFGF.Am J Pathol. 2000; 156: 193-200Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (175) Google Scholar;Graeven et al., 2001Graeven U. Rodeck U. Karpinski S. Jost M. Philippou S. Schmiegel W. Modulation of angiogenesis and tumorigenicity of human melanocytic cells by vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor.Cancer Res. 2001; 61: 7282-7290PubMed Google Scholar), whereas in vivo, transgenic expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase, RET (Iwamoto et al., 1991Iwamoto T. Takahashi M. Ito M. et al.Aberrant melanogenesis and melanocytic tumour development in transgenic mice that carry a metallothionein/ret fusion gene.EMBO J. 1991; 10: 3167-3175PubMed Google Scholar;Kato et al., 1998Kato M. Takahashi M. Akhand A.A. et al.Transgenic mouse model for skin malignant melanoma.Oncogene. 1998; 17: 1885-1888Crossref PubMed Scopus (167) Google Scholar), leads to melanocytic tumors. Post-receptor, activating RAS mutations have also been reported in a significant proportion of cutaneous melanomas (Herlyn and Satyamoorthy, 1996Herlyn M. Satyamoorthy K. Activated ras: Yet another player in melanoma?.Am J Pathol. 1996; 149: 739-744PubMed Google Scholar;van Elsas et al., 1996van Elsas A. Zerp S.F. van der Flier S. et al.Relevance of ultraviolet-induced Nras oncogene point mutations in development of primary human cutaneous melanoma.Am J Pathol. 1996; 149: 883-893PubMed Google Scholar). Two distinct RAS signaling streams—the RAS/RAF/MAPK and the RAS/PI3-K/PTEN/AKT pathways—have both been shown to be activated in primary melanomas (Cohen et al., 2002Cohen C. Zavala-Pompa A. Sequeira J.H. et al.Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation is an early event in melanoma progression.Clin Cancer Res. 2002; 8: 3728-3733PubMed Google Scholar;Dhawan et al., 2002Dhawan P. Singh A.B. Ellis D.L. Richmond A. Constitutive activation of Akt/protein kinase B in melanoma leads to up-regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB and tumor progression.Cancer Res. 2002; 62: 7335-7342PubMed Google Scholar;Govindarajan et al., 2003Govindarajan B. Bai X. Cohen C. et al.Malignant transformation of melanocytes to melanoma by constitutive activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) signaling.J Biol Chem. 2003; 278: 9790-9795Crossref PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar;Satyamoorthy et al., 2003Satyamoorthy K. Li G. Gerrero M.R. et al.Constitutive mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in melanoma is mediated by both BRAF mutations and autocrine growth factor stimulation.Cancer Res. 2003; 63: 756-759PubMed Google Scholar). Moreover, BRAF, which is a component of the RAS/RAF/MAPK signaling cassette, was recently found to be mutated in 60% to 80% of cutaneous melanomas and benign melanocytic nevi (Davies et al., 2002Davies H. Bignell G.R. Cox C. et al.Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer.Nature. 2002; 417: 949-954Crossref PubMed Scopus (7605) Google Scholar;Pollock et al., 2003Pollock P.M. Harper U.L. Hansen K.S. et al.High frequency of BRAF mutations in nevi.Nat Genet. 2003; 33: 19-20Crossref PubMed Scopus (1276) Google Scholar). Taken together, the RAS signaling network represents a rich source of oncogenic events. We had previously demonstrated a reciprocal relationship between NRAS activation and PTEN/MMAC1 inactivation in melanoma cell lines and uncultured specimens (Tsao et al., 2000Tsao H. Zhang X. Fowlkes K. Haluska F.G. Relative reciprocity of NRAS and PTEN/MMAC1 alterations in cutaneous melanoma cell lines.Cancer Res. 2000; 60: 1800-1804PubMed Google Scholar). As RAS directly stimulates PI3-K (Rodriguez-Viciana et al., 1996Rodriguez-Viciana P. Marte B.M. Warne P.H. Downward J. Phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase: One of the effectors of Ras.Philos Trans R Soc London B Biol Sci. 1996; 351 (discussion 231–222): 225-231Crossref PubMed Scopus (66) Google Scholar,Rodriguez-Viciana et al., 1997Rodriguez-Viciana P. Warne P.H. Khwaja A. et al.Role of phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase in cell transformation and control of the actin cytoskeleton by Ras.Cell. 1997; 89: 457-467Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (928) Google Scholar) and PTEN attenuates PI3-K signaling (Maehama and Dixon, 1998Maehama T. Dixon J.E. The tumor suppressor, PTEN/MMAC1, dephosphorylates the lipid second messenger, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate.J Biol Chem. 1998; 273: 13375-13378Crossref PubMed Scopus (2481) Google Scholar;Wu et al., 1998Wu X. Senechal K. Neshat M.S. Whang Y.E. Sawyers C.L. The PTEN/MMAC1 tumor suppressor phosphatase functions as a negative regulator of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998; 95: 15587-15591Crossref PubMed Scopus (585) Google Scholar), reciprocal NRAS and PTEN/MMAC1 alterations may contribute to the heightened AKT activity observed in melanomas (Dhawan et al., 2002Dhawan P. Singh A.B. Ellis D.L. Richmond A. Constitutive activation of Akt/protein kinase B in melanoma leads to up-regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB and tumor progression.Cancer Res. 2002; 62: 7335-7342PubMed Google Scholar). As loss of PTEN protein expression occurs in 63% of primary melanomas and only 8% of nevi (Tsao et al., 2003Tsao H. Mihm M.C. Sheehan C. PTEN expression in normal skin, acquired melanocytic nevi and cutaneous melanoma.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003; 49: 865-872Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar), inactivation of PTEN/MMAC1 may be a feature of progression from melanocytic nevi to primary melanoma. Likewise, a similar epistatic relationship between oncogenic alleles of NRAS and BRAF has also been described (Davies et al., 2002Davies H. Bignell G.R. Cox C. et al.Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer.Nature. 2002; 417: 949-954Crossref PubMed Scopus (7605) Google Scholar;Pollock et al., 2003Pollock P.M. Harper U.L. Hansen K.S. et al.High frequency of BRAF mutations in nevi.Nat Genet. 2003; 33: 19-20Crossref PubMed Scopus (1276) Google Scholar). As RAS activates RAF leading to MAPK stimulation (Campbell et al., 1998Campbell S.L. Khosravi-Far R. Rossman K.L. Clark G.J. Der C.J. Increasing complexity of Ras signaling.Oncogene. 1998; 17: 1395-1413Crossref PubMed Scopus (898) Google Scholar), reciprocal NRAS and BRAF mutations may account for the increased MAPK activity reported for melanoma (Cohen et al., 2002Cohen C. Zavala-Pompa A. Sequeira J.H. et al.Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation is an early event in melanoma progression.Clin Cancer Res. 2002; 8: 3728-3733PubMed Google Scholar;Govindarajan et al., 2003Govindarajan B. Bai X. Cohen C. et al.Malignant transformation of melanocytes to melanoma by constitutive activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) signaling.J Biol Chem. 2003; 278: 9790-9795Crossref PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar;Satyamoorthy et al., 2003Satyamoorthy K. Li G. Gerrero M.R. et al.Constitutive mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in melanoma is mediated by both BRAF mutations and autocrine growth factor stimulation.Cancer Res. 2003; 63: 756-759PubMed Google Scholar). The genetic relationship described for NRAS, BRAF, and PTEN/MMAC1 raises the possibility that BRAF activation and PTEN/MMAC1 inactivation cooperate to simulate NRAS activation in order to promote melanoma tumorigenesis. To test this hypothesis directly, we screened for BRAF mutations in a series of melanoma samples whose NRAS and PTEN/MMAC1 had been previously characterized and found evidence for possible cooperation between BRAF and PTEN/MMAC1. Using PCR–single strand conformation polymorphism, we evaluated 47 melanoma cell lines and 16 uncultured metastatic melanoma specimens for mutations in exons 11 and 15 of BRAF. Whereas no exon 11 amplicons exhibited altered migration, multiple exon 15 amplicons demonstrated mobility shifts suggestive of sequence variants Figure 1a. After direct sequencing, we found that 28 of 47 (62%) melanoma lines harbored mutations at valine599– 26 lines had the canonical T1796A (BRAFV599E) mutation, whereas two lines harbored the TG1796-97AT (BRAFV599D) mutation. The BRAFV599E mutation was also present in nine of 16 (56%) uncultured metastatic melanoma specimens. In three of 28 melanoma cell lines with BRAFV599 mutations, the normal BRAF allele was deleted Figure 1a, b. Although loss of heterozygosity is typically a signature of a tumor suppressor locus, shedding of the wild-type allele has been described for NRAS (Osaka et al., 1997Osaka M. Matsuo S. Koh T. Sugiyama T. Loss of heterozygosity at the N-ras locus in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene-induced rat leukemia.Mol Carcinog. 1997; 18: 206-212Crossref PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar), KRAS (Sukumar et al., 1991Sukumar S. Armstrong B. Bruyntjes J.P. Leav I. Bosland M.C. Frequent activation of the Ki-ras oncogene at codon 12 in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced rat prostate adenocarcinomas and neurogenic sarcomas.Mol Carcinog. 1991; 4: 362-368Crossref PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar), and HRAS (Saranath et al., 1991Saranath D. Chang S.E. Bhoite L.T. et al.High frequency mutation in codons 12 and 61 of H-ras oncogene in chewing tobacco-related human oral carcinoma in India.Br J Cancer. 1991; 63: 573-578Crossref PubMed Scopus (214) Google Scholar). As the BRAFV599 alterations are presumably gain-of-function mutations, the normal allele would represent a hypo-functional competitor whose loss could potentiate the effectiveness of the BRAFV599 variant. Alternatively,Diaz et al., 2002Diaz R. Ahn D. Lopez-Barcons L. et al.The N-ras proto-oncogene can suppress the malignant phenotype in the presence or absence of its oncogene.Cancer Res. 2002; 62: 4514-4518PubMed Google Scholar, recently found that the presence of a wild-type NRAS allele impedes the formation of murine lymphomas in vivo and suppresses the malignant phenotype in vitro; thus, it is conceivable that the BRAF proto-oncogene may exhibit tumor suppressive properties under certain biologic contexts. The NRAS, BRAF, and PTEN/MMAC1 status for the various cell lines and specimens are shown in Table I and Table II. Overall, 40 of 47 (85%) melanoma cell lines and 11 of 16 (69%) uncultured melanoma metastases had mutations in at least one of the three loci. Several observations emerged from our analysis. First, NRAS was solely mutated in nine melanoma cell lines and two uncultured melanoma specimens, although there was one additional cell line that exhibited concurrent NRAS and PTEN/MMAC1 alterations (i.e., HS944;Tsao et al., 2000Tsao H. Zhang X. Fowlkes K. Haluska F.G. Relative reciprocity of NRAS and PTEN/MMAC1 alterations in cutaneous melanoma cell lines.Cancer Res. 2000; 60: 1800-1804PubMed Google Scholar). Second, 15 cell lines and two uncultured metastases exhibited either PTEN/MMAC1 mutations (11 lines, both metastases) or loss of protein expression (four lines, Table I); epigenetic silencing of PTEN/MMAC1 has been reported in cutaneous melanoma (Zhou et al., 2000Zhou X.P. Gimm O. Hampel H. Niemann T. Walker M.J. Eng C. Epigenetic PTEN silencing in malignant melanomas without PTEN mutation.Am J Pathol. 2000; 157: 1123-1128Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (227) Google Scholar). Of the 63 samples analyzed, BRAF was mutated in 12 of 15 (80%) and two of two (100%) of the PTEN-deficient lines and metastatic specimens, respectively (p=0.02, two-tailed Fisher exact test). An additional 16 melanoma lines and seven uncultured metastases displayed BRAF mutations without either NRAS or PTEN/MMAC1 participation. Finally, two melanoma lines showed PTEN/MMAC1 inactivation without BRAF involvement.Table IBRAF, NRAS, and PTEN/MMAC1 mutations in melanoma cell linesNRASaNRAS, PTEN/MMAC1 status on some cell lines published inTsao et al (2000).PTEN/MMAC1BRAF exon 15Cell lineMutationEffectMutationEffectMutationEffectMGH-MC-2G35AG12DwtWTwtWTMel-SwiftC180AQ61KwtWTwtWTMGH-PO-1C180AQ61KwtWTwtWTSK Mel-l19A181GQ61RwtWTwtWTSK Mel-30C180AQ61KwtWTwtWTMel JusoA181TQ61LwtWTwtWTK19C180AQ61KwtWTwtWTHS940A181GQ61RwtWTwtWTSK Mel 63C180AQ61KwtWTwtWTHS944C180AQ61KDel exon2Frameshift/premature stopwtWTSK Mel 39wtWT546insAFrameshift/premature stopT1796AV599EMGH-BO-1wtWTDel exon2Frameshift/premature stopT1796AV599ESk Mel37wtWTDel exon 2Frameshift/premature stopT1796AV599EUACC 903wtWTT226GTyr 76 StopT1796AV599ERUwtWTIVS3del+1→+4Possible splice variantT1796AV599EMM455wtWTDel exon 6Frameshift/premature stopT1796AV599ESK Mel 28wtWTA499GT167AT1796AbBoth alleles show 599E.599ESK Mel 131wtWTIVS5+2T→APossible splice variantT1796AV599EMEL-11wtWTwtNo proteincNo protein by western.T1796AV599EWM1158wtWTwtNo proteincNo protein by western.T1796AV599EWM239AwtWTwtNo proteincNo protein by western.TG1796–97ATV599DWM1799wtWTFailed PCRNo proteincNo protein by western.T1796AV599ESK Mel 23wtWTDel geneNo predicted productwtWTMLwtWTDel geneNo predicted productwtWTMGH-MC-1wtWTwtWTT1796AV599EK1-MelwtWTwtWTT1796AV599EMEL-31wtWTwtWTT1796AV599EWM164wtWTwtWTT1796AV599EMH-12wtWTwtWTTG1796–97ATV599DMH-2wtWTwtWTT1796AV599EK-16wtWTwtWTT1796AV599EA375wtWTwtWTT1796AbBoth alleles show 599E.599EHS939TwtWTwtWTT1796AV599EMH-17wtWTwtWTT1796AV599EMalmewtWTwtWTT1796AV599EK4wtWTwtWTT1796AV599ESteelewtWTwtWTT1796AV599EK2wtWTwtWTT1796AV599EWM115wtWTwtWTT1796AV599EMM608wtWTwtWTT1796AbBoth alleles show 599E.599Ea NRAS, PTEN/MMAC1 status on some cell lines published inTsao et al., 2000Tsao H. Zhang X. Fowlkes K. Haluska F.G. Relative reciprocity of NRAS and PTEN/MMAC1 alterations in cutaneous melanoma cell lines.Cancer Res. 2000; 60: 1800-1804PubMed Google Scholar.b Both alleles show 599E.c No protein by western. Open table in a new tab Table IIBRAF, NRAS, and PTEN/MMAC1 mutationsaPTEN/MMAC1 and NRAS genetic status reported inTsao et al (1998,2000). ROH: retention of heterozygosity. in melanoma metastasesNRASPTEN/MMAC1BRAF Exon 15Cutaneous melanoma specimensMutationEffectMutationEffectMutationEffect30A181GQ61RwtWTwtWT7A181GQ61RwtWTwtWT31 (KM16)wtWTROHHDT1796AV599E33 (KM17)wtWT1591 DupFrameshiftT1796AV599E(nt1575–1591)271 stop6wtWTwtWTT1796AV599E8wtWTwtWTT1796AV599E16wtWTwtWTT1796AV599E22wtWTwtWTT1796AV599E24wtWTwtWTT1796AV599E25wtWTwtWTT1796AV599E28wtWTwtWTT1796AV599E4wtWTwtWTwtWT15wtWTwtWTwtWT12wtWTwtWTwtWT9wtWTwtWTwtWT10wtWTwtWTwtWTa PTEN/MMAC1 and NRAS genetic status reported inTsao et al., 1998Tsao H. Zhang X. Benoit E. Haluska F.G. Identification of PTEN/MMAC1 alterations in uncultured melanomas and melanoma cell lines.Oncogene. 1998; 16: 3397-3402Crossref PubMed Scopus (195) Google Scholar,Tsao et al., 2000Tsao H. Zhang X. Fowlkes K. Haluska F.G. Relative reciprocity of NRAS and PTEN/MMAC1 alterations in cutaneous melanoma cell lines.Cancer Res. 2000; 60: 1800-1804PubMed Google Scholar. ROH: retention of heterozygosity. Open table in a new tab We report, for the first time that, in a subset of melanomas, BRAF activation accompanies PTEN/MMAC1 inactivation to the mutual exclusion of NRAS mutations. These results suggest that (1) BRAF and PTEN/MMAC1 operate on distinct genetic pathways and could cooperate to promote melanoma tumorigenesis, and (2) a single NRAS mutation, albeit not as common as alterations in either BRAF or PTEN/MMAC1, may be sufficient (model shown in Figure 2). As BRAF and PTEN selectively impact the MAPK and AKT pathways, respectively, activation of both signaling streams may be required for melanoma progression. Cohen et al., 2002Cohen C. Zavala-Pompa A. Sequeira J.H. et al.Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation is an early event in melanoma progression.Clin Cancer Res. 2002; 8: 3728-3733PubMed Google Scholar, found that over 80% of primary cutaneous melanomas, but only 20% of benign nevi, expressed active phosphoMAPK.Satyamoorthy et al., 2003Satyamoorthy K. Li G. Gerrero M.R. et al.Constitutive mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in melanoma is mediated by both BRAF mutations and autocrine growth factor stimulation.Cancer Res. 2003; 63: 756-759PubMed Google Scholar, also reported that vertical growth phase and metastatic melanomas, but not benign nevi, stained intensely for active phosphoERK and that the ERK phosphorylation in melanoma cell lines was abrogated by the MEK inhibitor PD98059. With respect to the AKT pathway,Dhawan et al., 2002Dhawan P. Singh A.B. Ellis D.L. Richmond A. Constitutive activation of Akt/protein kinase B in melanoma leads to up-regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB and tumor progression.Cancer Res. 2002; 62: 7335-7342PubMed Google Scholar, found increased staining for active phosphoAKT in metastatic melanoma specimens but not benign nevi and observed loss of AKT phosphorylation in melanoma cell lines exposed to PI3-K inhibitors, LY294002 and wortmannin. These data, along with our findings, point to an essential role for ongoing trophic signaling, through both MAPK and AKT pathways. The high rate of BRAF mutations in nevi (Pollock et al., 2003Pollock P.M. Harper U.L. Hansen K.S. et al.High frequency of BRAF mutations in nevi.Nat Genet. 2003; 33: 19-20Crossref PubMed Scopus (1276) Google Scholar;Uribe et al., 2003Uribe P. Wistuba I.I. Gonzalez S. BRAF mutation: A frequent event in benign, atypical, and malignant melanocytic lesions of the skin.Am J Dermatopathol. 2003; 25: 365-370Crossref PubMed Scopus (123) Google Scholar) implies that the MAPK pathway is genetically engaged early in melanocytic tumor formation but is insufficient to induce full malignant transformation; other events are clearly necessary for progression. We recently found that 19 of 30 (63%) primary melanomas demonstrated significant decreases in PTEN levels, although only three of 39 melanocytic nevi (8%) exhibited loss of PTEN expression (Tsao et al., 2003Tsao H. Mihm M.C. Sheehan C. PTEN expression in normal skin, acquired melanocytic nevi and cutaneous melanoma.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003; 49: 865-872Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar); these results parallel other observations that active phosphoAKT can be detected in melanomas but not in melanocytic nevi (Dhawan et al., 2002Dhawan P. Singh A.B. Ellis D.L. Richmond A. Constitutive activation of Akt/protein kinase B in melanoma leads to up-regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB and tumor progression.Cancer Res. 2002; 62: 7335-7342PubMed Google Scholar). Thus, unlike BRAF activation, PTEN loss appears to be more specific for melanoma tumorigenesis. Taken together, one hypothesis that emerges is that loss of PTEN cooperates with activation of BRAF in the transition from nevus to melanoma. The high BRAF mutation rate, especially in melanoma, raises the possibility of an effective anti-BRAF therapy. As our data document a significant rate of concurrent mutations in the RAS/PI3-VK/PTEN/AKT pathway, monotherapy targeted at BRAF alone may be ineffectual. Further studies will obviously be necessary in order to optimize rationale drug design. In summary, we have identified a potential genetic interaction between three components of the RAS signaling network—NRAS, BRAF, and PTEN/MMAC1. Based on the known cellular functions of these respective gene products, the pattern of mutations suggest that the MAPK and AKT pathways are frequently activated in parallel, by genetic means, to promote melanoma development. The human melanoma cell lines, culture conditions, uncultured melanoma specimens, and their NRAS and PTEN/MMAC1 status have been described previously (Tsao et al., 2000Tsao H. Zhang X. Fowlkes K. Haluska F.G. Relative reciprocity of NRAS and PTEN/MMAC1 alterations in cutaneous melanoma cell lines.Cancer Res. 2000; 60: 1800-1804PubMed Google Scholar). All studies were done in accordance with a protocol approved by the IRB at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Primer sequences for the exons 11 and 15 of BRAF are published (Davies et al., 2002Davies H. Bignell G.R. Cox C. et al.Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer.Nature. 2002; 417: 949-954Crossref PubMed Scopus (7605) Google Scholar). Amplification was carried out in 50 μL reaction containing 1 μL of DNA, 1.5 mM MgCl2 and 40 ng of each primer under standard conditions with or without 0.25 μL of [α32P]deoxycytidine triphosphate (NEN, Boston, Massachusetts). The samples were initially denatured at 95°C 5 min, than amplified for 35 cycles of 95°C 1 min, 62°C 1.5 min, 72°C 1.5 min, and final extension at 72°C for 10 min. The PCR product was confirmed on 1.2% agarose gel. Ten microliters of PCR product was then mixed with 10 μL of the gel loading buffer (95% formamide, 10 mM EDTA, 0.02% bromophenol blue and 0.02% xylene cyanol FF) and the samples were denatured at 95°C for 5 min and chilled immediately for 5 min. The sample was loaded on to 6% acrylamide gel containing 10% glycerol, 1×TBE pH 8.0. The gel was run in 0.6×TBE at 5–6 W at 4°C for 5 to 6 h. The gel was either stained with a silver staining kit (DNA Silver Staining Kit, Amersham/Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) or exposed to X-ray film (Biomax-MR, Kodak, Rochester, New York), if radioactivity was used. DNA fragments showing mobility shifts were than prepared by PCR under the same condition, purified using Qiaquick PCR purification kit per manufacturer's protocol (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, California) and submitted to Massachusetts General Hospital sequencing core facility for automated sequencing. Whole cell lysate was prepared from the melanoma cell lines using RIPA buffer (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris pH 8.0, 1% nonidet P40, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 5 μg per mL each of aprotinin and leupeptin and 1 mM of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) containing the cocktail of protease inhibitors (Roche Molecular Biology). Fifty micrograms of protein were loaded on to sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel and transferred on to nitrocellulose paper. The blot was incubated with an anti-PTEN monoclonal antibody at 1:1000 (A2B1, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Santa Cruz, California). After washing, incubating with secondary antibody (sheep anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase; Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, New Jersey), the blot was developed with chemiluminescent substrate. This work was funded in part through grants from the American Cancer Society, Dermatology Foundation, the American Skin Cancer (to H.T.) and the National Institutes of Health (to H.T. and F.G.H.)