Despite advances in supportive therapy to prevent complications of sickle cell disease (SCD), access to care is not universal. Hematopoietic cell transplantation is, to date, the only curative therapy for SCD, but its application is limited by availability of a suitable HLA-matched donor and lack of awareness of the benefits of transplant. Included in this study are 1000 recipients of HLA-identical sibling transplants performed between 1986 and 2013 and reported to the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Eurocord, and the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research. The primary endpoint was event-free survival, defined as being alive without graft failure; risk factors were studied using a Cox regression models. The median age at transplantation was 9 years, and the median follow-up was longer than 5 years. Most patients received a myeloablative conditioning regimen (n = 873; 87%); the remainder received reduced-intensity conditioning regimens (n = 125; 13%). Bone marrow was the predominant stem cell source (n = 839; 84%); peripheral blood and cord blood progenitors were used in 73 (7%) and 88 (9%) patients, respectively. The 5-year event-free survival and overall survival were 91.4% (95% confidence interval, 89.6%-93.3%) and 92.9% (95% confidence interval, 91.1%-94.6%), respectively. Event-free survival was lower with increasing age at transplantation (hazard ratio [HR], 1.09; P < .001) and higher for transplantations performed after 2006 (HR, 0.95; P = .013). Twenty-three patients experienced graft failure, and 70 patients (7%) died, with the most common cause of death being infection. The excellent outcome of a cohort transplanted over the course of 3 decades confirms the role of HLA-identical sibling transplantation for children and adults with SCD. Subjects: Clinical Trials and Observations, CME article, Free Research Articles, Pediatric Hematology, Red Cells, Iron, and Erythropoiesis, Sickle Cell Disease, Transplantation Topics: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, human leukocyte antigens, relationship - sibling, sickle cell anemia, transplantation, tissue transplants, follow-up, child, donors, bone marrow transplantation Medscape Continuing Medical Education onlineThis activity has been planned and implemented through the joint providership of Medscape, LLC and the American Society of Hematology. Medscape, LLC is accredited by the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team.Medscape, LLC designates this Journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.00 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.All other clinicians completing this activity will be issued a certificate of participation. To participate in this journal CME activity: (1) review the learning objectives and author disclosures; (2) study the education content; (3) take the post-test with a 75% minimum passing score and complete the evaluation at http://www.medscape.org/journal/blood; and (4) view/print certificate. For CME questions, see page 1565.DisclosuresCME questions author Laurie Barclay, freelance writer and reviewer, Medscape, LLC, owns stock, stock options, or bonds from Pfizer. Author Mark C. Walters serves as Medical Director for ViaCord's Processing Laboratory. Associate Editor Robert Zeiser and the remaining authors declare no competing financial interests.Learning objectivesDistinguish characteristics of HLA-identical sibling transplantation for sickle cell disease (SCD) and hematopoietic recovery, based on an international, retrospective, registry-based survey.Describe graft-versus-host disease and event-free survival in HLA-identical sibling transplantation for SCD.Determine overall survival and risk factors associated with survival in HLA-identical sibling transplantation for SCD.Release date: March 16, 2017; Expiration date: March 16, 2018